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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

During inspiration what happens

A

diaphragm contracts downward

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2
Q

during expiration what happens

A

diaphragm relaxes upward

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3
Q

sneezing is defined as

A

reflex response to irritation in upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

coughing is defined as

A

reflex response to irritation due to nasal discharge, dripping into oropharxyn, inflammation, foreign material in lower respiratory tract or inhaled irritants

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5
Q

define eupnea

A

normal breathing pattern

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6
Q

define dyspnea

A

subjective feeling of discomfort that occurs when person feels unable to inhale enough air

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7
Q

define orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs when laying down

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8
Q

define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden acute type of dyspnea during sleep

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9
Q

wheezing indicates what

A

indicate obstruction in small airways

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10
Q

define stridor

A

high pitched crowing noise, indicated upper airway obstruction

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11
Q

define rales

A

small clicking, bubbling, or crackling sounds (associated with serous secretions )

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12
Q

define rhonchi

A

resembling snoring, resulting from thicker mucus

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13
Q

sinusitis is

A

inflammation of lining of one or more of paranasal sinues

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14
Q

pharyngitis is

A

inflammation of mucous membrane and the underlying tissue of the pharynx

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15
Q

laryngitis is

A

inflammation of mucous membrane of the larynx

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16
Q

epiglottitis is

A

inflammation of the epiglottis, causes respiratory obstruction in children

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17
Q

describe symptoms of common cold

A

gradual, fatigue, weakness, coughing (mild to moderate), stuffy nose, sore throat, sinus infection, ear infection

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18
Q

describe symptoms of flu

A

sudden, fever, body aches and pain, headache, fatigue, weakness, exhaustion, coughing, stuffy nose, sore throat, pneumonia, ear infection

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19
Q

pneumonia develops as

A

primary acute infection or may be secondary

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20
Q

etiological types of pneumonia include

A
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21
Q

describe location of infection and CT pattern of lobar pneumonia

A

alveoli; dense consolidation and air bronchograms

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22
Q

describe location of infection and CT pattern of bronchopneumonia

A

bronchi; patchy opocitites

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23
Q

what bacteria causes lobar pneumonia

A
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24
Q

what bacteria causes bronchopneumonia

A
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25
what type of cancer is most associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma from smoking
26
adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas produce what type of characteristics
peripheral masses
27
what is paraneoplastic syndrome
symptoms that occur at sites distant from tumor or its metastasis
28
what are the two common associations seen in paraneoplastic syndrome
hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer
29
symptoms seen in patients with cancer
fever, night sweats, anorexia, cachexia from cytokines
30
bronchogenic carcinomas can be classified into what categories
small cell carcinoma and non small cell (most common)
31
complications of local and systemic bronchogenic carcinoma
local : systemic:
32
rank the types of cancers from most common to least common
Aden, squamous, and small cell
33
bronchogenic carcinoma affects what cells and is...
bronchial epithelium and is the most common type of malignant lung tumor
34
define asthma
periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in patients with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways
35
what are the two types of asthma
extrinsic: in childhood; family history of allergies; hypersensitivity; increased IgE intrinsic: in adulthood; no family history; no allergens; normal IgE; due to other mediators
36
symptoms of an asthma attack
wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, tightness in chest
37
obstructive disorders are characterized by ... and cause what ...
reduction in airflow and shortness of breath; COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis
38
restrictive disorders are characterized by ... and cause what
reduction in lung volume; interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, neuromuscular cause, and marked obesity
39
restrictive disorders affect the lung how
- interstitial fibrosis - stiff hard lung - increased tissue - normal FEV1:FVC ratio - normal PEFR
40
obstructive disorders affect the lung how
- obstruction to air flow - soft lung - loss of tissue - low FEV1: VC ratio - low PEFR
41
chronic bronchitis is a disease that
affects smokers and individuals in areas of poor air quality; explains chronic cough with mucoid sputum production
42
emphysema occurs from
airway narrowing from loss of elastic recoil
43
FEV1/FVC ratio of <70% indicates what
obstruction
44
what is COPD
group of common chronic respiratory disorders characterized by partially reversible airflow obstruction - emphysema - chronic bronchitis - chronic asthma
45
emphysema is characterized by
destruction and enlargement of alveoli
46
chronic bronchitis is characterized by
chronic cough and phlegm; small airway disease in which small bronchioles are narrowed
47
clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis
- frequent cough, copious sputum, elevated hematocrit, elevated PaCO2, increased lung marking, normal elastic recoil, increased airway resistance, for pulmonale early
48
clinical manifestations of emphysema
cough with exertion, sputum scant, normal hematocrit, normal PaCO2, hyperinflation, decreased elastic recoil, normal airway resistance, late for pulmonale
49
emphysema pathogenesis consists of
- abnormal dissension of air spaces with destruction of walls of alveoli - decreased alveolar surface area causes increase in dead space and impaired oxygen diffusion - reduction of pulmonary capillary bed increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure - hypoxemia results - increased pulmonary artery pressure causes right sided heart failure
50
vascular disorders seen in pulmonary edema include
- fluid collection in alveoli and interstitial space - accumulation of fluid caused decreased oxygen diffusion
51
pulmonary edema pathophysiology
- increase in fluid filtration into interstitial spaces of lung - movement of fluid from interstitial into alveolar walls - damage of alveolar epithelium - accumulation of fluid in alveoli
52
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema
53
pneumothorax refers to what
air in the pleural cavity preventing expansion of the lungs leading to atelectasis
54
describe closed, open, and tension pneumothorax
pleural cavity pressure <, =, >
55
what occurs in respiratory failure
oxygenation and ventilation are insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the body
56
respiratory dysfunction has what clinical characteristics
- PaO2 < 50 mmHg - PaCO2 > 50 mmHg
57
acute respiratory failure has what clinical criteria
- decreased or absent respiratory breath sound - severe inspiratory retraction - cyanosis in 40% O2 - decreased level of consciousness - poor skeletal muscle tone
58
acute respiratory failure has what physiological criteria
- PaCO2 > 65 mmHg - PaO2 < 100 mmHg in 50% O2
59
hypoxemic respiratory failure is
oxygenation failure ; PaO2 < 60 mmHg on 60% oxygen
60
hypercapnic respiratory failure is
ventilatory failure ; PaCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35
61
acute respiratory failure is indicated when
- PaO2 less than 50 mmHg (hypoxemia) - PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg (hypercapnia) - pH less than 7.3

pathophysiology (6 decks)

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