Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

During inspiration what happens

A

diaphragm contracts downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

during expiration what happens

A

diaphragm relaxes upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sneezing is defined as

A

reflex response to irritation in upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

coughing is defined as

A

reflex response to irritation due to nasal discharge, dripping into oropharxyn, inflammation, foreign material in lower respiratory tract or inhaled irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define eupnea

A

normal breathing pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define dyspnea

A

subjective feeling of discomfort that occurs when person feels unable to inhale enough air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs when laying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden acute type of dyspnea during sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

wheezing indicates what

A

indicate obstruction in small airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define stridor

A

high pitched crowing noise, indicated upper airway obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define rales

A

small clicking, bubbling, or crackling sounds (associated with serous secretions )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define rhonchi

A

resembling snoring, resulting from thicker mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sinusitis is

A

inflammation of lining of one or more of paranasal sinues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pharyngitis is

A

inflammation of mucous membrane and the underlying tissue of the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

laryngitis is

A

inflammation of mucous membrane of the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

epiglottitis is

A

inflammation of the epiglottis, causes respiratory obstruction in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe symptoms of common cold

A

gradual, fatigue, weakness, coughing (mild to moderate), stuffy nose, sore throat, sinus infection, ear infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe symptoms of flu

A

sudden, fever, body aches and pain, headache, fatigue, weakness, exhaustion, coughing, stuffy nose, sore throat, pneumonia, ear infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pneumonia develops as

A

primary acute infection or may be secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

etiological types of pneumonia include

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe location of infection and CT pattern of lobar pneumonia

A

alveoli; dense consolidation and air bronchograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe location of infection and CT pattern of bronchopneumonia

A

bronchi; patchy opocitites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what bacteria causes lobar pneumonia

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what bacteria causes bronchopneumonia

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of cancer is most associated with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell carcinoma from smoking

26
Q

adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas produce what type of characteristics

A

peripheral masses

27
Q

what is paraneoplastic syndrome

A

symptoms that occur at sites distant from tumor or its metastasis

28
Q

what are the two common associations seen in paraneoplastic syndrome

A

hypercalcemia of malignancy in squamous cell carcinoma; syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer

29
Q

symptoms seen in patients with cancer

A

fever, night sweats, anorexia, cachexia from cytokines

30
Q

bronchogenic carcinomas can be classified into what categories

A

small cell carcinoma and non small cell (most common)

31
Q

complications of local and systemic bronchogenic carcinoma

A

local :
systemic:

32
Q

rank the types of cancers from most common to least common

A

Aden, squamous, and small cell

33
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma affects what cells and is…

A

bronchial epithelium and is the most common type of malignant lung tumor

34
Q

define asthma

A

periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in patients with hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways

35
Q

what are the two types of asthma

A

extrinsic: in childhood; family history of allergies; hypersensitivity; increased IgE
intrinsic: in adulthood; no family history; no allergens; normal IgE; due to other mediators

36
Q

symptoms of an asthma attack

A

wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, tightness in chest

37
Q

obstructive disorders are characterized by … and cause what …

A

reduction in airflow and shortness of breath; COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis

38
Q

restrictive disorders are characterized by … and cause what

A

reduction in lung volume; interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, neuromuscular cause, and marked obesity

39
Q

restrictive disorders affect the lung how

A
  • interstitial fibrosis
  • stiff hard lung
  • increased tissue
  • normal FEV1:FVC ratio
  • normal PEFR
40
Q

obstructive disorders affect the lung how

A
  • obstruction to air flow
  • soft lung
  • loss of tissue
  • low FEV1: VC ratio
  • low PEFR
41
Q

chronic bronchitis is a disease that

A

affects smokers and individuals in areas of poor air quality; explains chronic cough with mucoid sputum production

42
Q

emphysema occurs from

A

airway narrowing from loss of elastic recoil

43
Q

FEV1/FVC ratio of <70% indicates what

A

obstruction

44
Q

what is COPD

A

group of common chronic respiratory disorders characterized by partially reversible airflow obstruction
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
- chronic asthma

45
Q

emphysema is characterized by

A

destruction and enlargement of alveoli

46
Q

chronic bronchitis is characterized by

A

chronic cough and phlegm; small airway disease in which small bronchioles are narrowed

47
Q

clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis

A
  • frequent cough, copious sputum, elevated hematocrit, elevated PaCO2, increased lung marking, normal elastic recoil, increased airway resistance, for pulmonale early
48
Q

clinical manifestations of emphysema

A

cough with exertion, sputum scant, normal hematocrit, normal PaCO2, hyperinflation, decreased elastic recoil, normal airway resistance, late for pulmonale

49
Q

emphysema pathogenesis consists of

A
  • abnormal dissension of air spaces with destruction of walls of alveoli
  • decreased alveolar surface area causes increase in dead space and impaired oxygen diffusion
  • reduction of pulmonary capillary bed increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure
  • hypoxemia results
  • increased pulmonary artery pressure causes right sided heart failure
50
Q

vascular disorders seen in pulmonary edema include

A
  • fluid collection in alveoli and interstitial space
  • accumulation of fluid caused decreased oxygen diffusion
51
Q

pulmonary edema pathophysiology

A
  • increase in fluid filtration into interstitial spaces of lung
  • movement of fluid from interstitial into alveolar walls
  • damage of alveolar epithelium
  • accumulation of fluid in alveoli
52
Q

clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema

A
53
Q

pneumothorax refers to what

A

air in the pleural cavity preventing expansion of the lungs leading to atelectasis

54
Q

describe closed, open, and tension pneumothorax

A

pleural cavity pressure <, =, >

55
Q

what occurs in respiratory failure

A

oxygenation and ventilation are insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the body

56
Q

respiratory dysfunction has what clinical characteristics

A
  • PaO2 < 50 mmHg
  • PaCO2 > 50 mmHg
57
Q

acute respiratory failure has what clinical criteria

A
  • decreased or absent respiratory breath sound
  • severe inspiratory retraction
  • cyanosis in 40% O2
  • decreased level of consciousness
  • poor skeletal muscle tone
58
Q

acute respiratory failure has what physiological criteria

A
  • PaCO2 > 65 mmHg
  • PaO2 < 100 mmHg in 50% O2
59
Q

hypoxemic respiratory failure is

A

oxygenation failure ; PaO2 < 60 mmHg on 60% oxygen

60
Q

hypercapnic respiratory failure is

A

ventilatory failure ; PaCO2 > 45 mmHg and pH < 7.35

61
Q

acute respiratory failure is indicated when

A
  • PaO2 less than 50 mmHg (hypoxemia)
  • PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg (hypercapnia)
  • pH less than 7.3

pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions