Cardiovascular system

Question 1

what criteria is needed to be classified as cardiomegaly

Answer 1

cardiothoracic ratio is more than 50% or 0.5

Question 2

arteriosclerosis is term to describe

Answer 2

any narrowing and loss of elasticity of arteries

Question 3

atherosclerosis is a term to describe

Answer 3

the narrowing of blood vessels due to plaque

Question 4

in diagnosis of MI, EKG shows what for transmural infraction

Answer 4

ST segment elevation, T wave inversion and Q wave

Question 5

for subendocardial infarction what is seen

Answer 5

ST segment depression and T wave inversion

Question 6

what enzymes are observed for MI

Answer 6

• myoglobin - released in circulation when any damage to muscle tissue
• Troponin I
• Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)

Question 7

the types of arrhythmias are

Answer 7

bradycardia- heartbeats too slow
tachycardia- heartbeats too fast

Question 8

arrhythmias result from

Answer 8

1. disturbances in impulse formation
2. disturbances in impulse conduction
3. both

Question 9

treatments for arrhythmias are

Answer 9

1. beat1 adrenergic blockers and calcium channel lockers
2. pacemaker
3. defibrillators

Question 10

congestive heart failure occurs when

Answer 10

heart unable to pump enough blood

Question 11

main causes of heart failure are

Answer 11

atherosclerosis and hypertension

Question 12

causes of right sided heart failure is

Answer 12

left sided heart failure untreated, COPD, tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular infarction

Question 13

causes of left sided heart failure is

Answer 13

left ventricular infarction, hypertension, aortic stenosis

Question 14

signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure

Answer 14

exercise intolerance, elevated JVD, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema, increased CVP

Question 15

signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure

Answer 15

exercise intolerance, change in responsiveness, tachycardia, crackles wheezes, hemoptysis, decreased urinary output, S3 heart sound, increased PAWP

Question 16

what are the effects when the heart can’t maintain pumping capacity

Answer 16

• cardiac out or stroke volume decreased
• backup congestion behind affected ventricle

Question 17

stenotic heart valves causes what

Answer 17

prevent valves from opening fully and more work to push blood

Question 18

incompetent valves cause what

Answer 18

inefficient blood circulation by permitting back flow of blood

Question 19

heat valve defects cause

Answer 19

turbulent blood flow and murmurs

Question 20

congenital heart disease are caused from

Answer 20

• developmental defects during first 8 weeks
• genetic and environmental factors

Question 21

cyanotic heart disease has what characteristics

Answer 21

altered pulmonary flow

Question 22

acyanotic heat disease has what characterized

Answer 22

left-right shunt lesions and obstructive lesions

Question 23

complications of hypertension are

Answer 23

brain stroke, vision loss, heart attack, blood vessel damage, kidney failure, bone loss

Question 24

anemia is what

Answer 24

deficiency in oxygen carrying capacity due to diminished erythrocyte mass

Question 25

anemia can be caused by

Answer 25

- erythrocyte loss (bleeding) - decreased erythrocyte production (low erythropoietin and decreased marrow response) - increased erythrocyte destruction

Question 26

iron deficiency anemia develops due to

Answer 26

- body stores of iron decrease - inadequate dietary iron, iron absorption or loss of body iron

Question 27

pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia is caused by

Answer 27

impaired absorption of vitamin B12 from lack of intrinsic factor (IF)

Question 28

aplastic anemia is a disease where

Answer 28

bone marrow and blood stem cells are damaged

Question 29

aplastic causes deficiency of

Answer 29

all three blood cells types (pancytopenia)

Question 30

leukopenia is

Answer 30

deficiency of white blood cells

Question 31

thrombocytopenia is

Answer 31

deficiency of platelets

Question 32

causes of aplastic anemia are

Answer 32

acquired, drugs or inherited

Question 33

sickle cell anemia is

Answer 33

inherited red blood cell disorder where RBC are hard, sticky, and shaped like sickles

Question 34

what does sickle cell anemia caused

Answer 34

clog flow, cause pain, damage, and anemia

Question 35

polycythemia is a

Answer 35

blood disorder where body makes too many blood cells due to issue of bone marrow or increased hormone erythropoietin

Question 36

polycythemia is detected how

Answer 36

measuring hemoglobin or hematocrit

Question 37

leukemia are cancers characterized by

Answer 37

abnormal increase in immature white blood cells called blasts

Question 38

acute lymphocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

Answer 38

lymphocytes

Question 39

acute myelocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

Answer 39

granulocytes

Question 40

acute monocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

Answer 40

moncytes

Question 41

chronic lymphocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

Answer 41

B lymphocytes

Question 42

acute myelogenous leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

Answer 42

granulocytes

Question 43

complications of myocardial infarction

Answer 43

stroke (embolism), cariogenic shock, congestive heart failure, cardiac tamponade, arrhythmias, pericarditis

Question 44

multiple myeloma is what

Answer 44

type of cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow that can happen in pelvis, spine, ribcage etc.

Question 45

what causes multiple myeloma

Answer 45

- age over 65 - male gender - radiation exposure