Cardiovascular system Flashcards
what criteria is needed to be classified as cardiomegaly
cardiothoracic ratio is more than 50% or 0.5
arteriosclerosis is term to describe
any narrowing and loss of elasticity of arteries
atherosclerosis is a term to describe
the narrowing of blood vessels due to plaque
in diagnosis of MI, EKG shows what for transmural infraction
ST segment elevation, T wave inversion and Q wave
for subendocardial infarction what is seen
ST segment depression and T wave inversion
what enzymes are observed for MI
- myoglobin - released in circulation when any damage to muscle tissue
- Troponin I
- Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
the types of arrhythmias are
bradycardia- heartbeats too slow
tachycardia- heartbeats too fast
arrhythmias result from
- disturbances in impulse formation
- disturbances in impulse conduction
- both
treatments for arrhythmias are
- beat1 adrenergic blockers and calcium channel lockers
- pacemaker
- defibrillators
congestive heart failure occurs when
heart unable to pump enough blood
main causes of heart failure are
atherosclerosis and hypertension
causes of right sided heart failure is
left sided heart failure untreated, COPD, tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular infarction
causes of left sided heart failure is
left ventricular infarction, hypertension, aortic stenosis
signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure
exercise intolerance, elevated JVD, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema, increased CVP
signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure
exercise intolerance, change in responsiveness, tachycardia, crackles wheezes, hemoptysis, decreased urinary output, S3 heart sound, increased PAWP
what are the effects when the heart can’t maintain pumping capacity
- cardiac out or stroke volume decreased
- backup congestion behind affected ventricle
stenotic heart valves causes what
prevent valves from opening fully and more work to push blood
incompetent valves cause what
inefficient blood circulation by permitting back flow of blood