Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what criteria is needed to be classified as cardiomegaly

A

cardiothoracic ratio is more than 50% or 0.5

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2
Q

arteriosclerosis is term to describe

A

any narrowing and loss of elasticity of arteries

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3
Q

atherosclerosis is a term to describe

A

the narrowing of blood vessels due to plaque

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4
Q

in diagnosis of MI, EKG shows what for transmural infraction

A

ST segment elevation, T wave inversion and Q wave

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5
Q

for subendocardial infarction what is seen

A

ST segment depression and T wave inversion

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6
Q

what enzymes are observed for MI

A
  • myoglobin - released in circulation when any damage to muscle tissue
  • Troponin I
  • Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB)
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7
Q

the types of arrhythmias are

A

bradycardia- heartbeats too slow
tachycardia- heartbeats too fast

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8
Q

arrhythmias result from

A
  1. disturbances in impulse formation
  2. disturbances in impulse conduction
  3. both
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9
Q

treatments for arrhythmias are

A
  1. beat1 adrenergic blockers and calcium channel lockers
  2. pacemaker
  3. defibrillators
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10
Q

congestive heart failure occurs when

A

heart unable to pump enough blood

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11
Q

main causes of heart failure are

A

atherosclerosis and hypertension

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12
Q

causes of right sided heart failure is

A

left sided heart failure untreated, COPD, tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular infarction

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13
Q

causes of left sided heart failure is

A

left ventricular infarction, hypertension, aortic stenosis

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14
Q

signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

exercise intolerance, elevated JVD, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, peripheral edema, increased CVP

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15
Q

signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

exercise intolerance, change in responsiveness, tachycardia, crackles wheezes, hemoptysis, decreased urinary output, S3 heart sound, increased PAWP

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16
Q

what are the effects when the heart can’t maintain pumping capacity

A
  • cardiac out or stroke volume decreased
  • backup congestion behind affected ventricle
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17
Q

stenotic heart valves causes what

A

prevent valves from opening fully and more work to push blood

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18
Q

incompetent valves cause what

A

inefficient blood circulation by permitting back flow of blood

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19
Q

heat valve defects cause

A

turbulent blood flow and murmurs

20
Q

congenital heart disease are caused from

A
  • developmental defects during first 8 weeks
  • genetic and environmental factors
21
Q

cyanotic heart disease has what characteristics

A

altered pulmonary flow

22
Q

acyanotic heat disease has what characterized

A

left-right shunt lesions and obstructive lesions

23
Q

complications of hypertension are

A

brain stroke, vision loss, heart attack, blood vessel damage, kidney failure, bone loss

24
Q

anemia is what

A

deficiency in oxygen carrying capacity due to diminished erythrocyte mass

25
Q

anemia can be caused by

A
  • erythrocyte loss (bleeding)
  • decreased erythrocyte production (low erythropoietin and decreased marrow response)
  • increased erythrocyte destruction
26
Q

iron deficiency anemia develops due to

A
  • body stores of iron decrease
  • inadequate dietary iron, iron absorption or loss of body iron
27
Q

pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia is caused by

A

impaired absorption of vitamin B12 from lack of intrinsic factor (IF)

28
Q

aplastic anemia is a disease where

A

bone marrow and blood stem cells are damaged

29
Q

aplastic causes deficiency of

A

all three blood cells types (pancytopenia)

30
Q

leukopenia is

A

deficiency of white blood cells

31
Q

thrombocytopenia is

A

deficiency of platelets

32
Q

causes of aplastic anemia are

A

acquired, drugs or inherited

33
Q

sickle cell anemia is

A

inherited red blood cell disorder where RBC are hard, sticky, and shaped like sickles

34
Q

what does sickle cell anemia caused

A

clog flow, cause pain, damage, and anemia

35
Q

polycythemia is a

A

blood disorder where body makes too many blood cells due to issue of bone marrow or increased hormone erythropoietin

36
Q

polycythemia is detected how

A

measuring hemoglobin or hematocrit

37
Q

leukemia are cancers characterized by

A

abnormal increase in immature white blood cells called blasts

38
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

A

lymphocytes

39
Q

acute myelocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

A

granulocytes

40
Q

acute monocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

A

moncytes

41
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

A

B lymphocytes

42
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia is caused by malignancy of what cells

A

granulocytes

43
Q

complications of myocardial infarction

A

stroke (embolism), cariogenic shock, congestive heart failure, cardiac tamponade, arrhythmias, pericarditis

44
Q

multiple myeloma is what

A

type of cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow that can happen in pelvis, spine, ribcage etc.

45
Q

what causes multiple myeloma

A
  • age over 65
  • male gender
  • radiation exposure