Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

hyper secretion diseases occur due to

A

glandular hyperplasia or functional tumor (adenoma or carcinoma)

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2
Q

hypo secretion diseases occur due to

A

glandular atrophy or destructive carcinoma

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3
Q

dysfunctional diseases are characterized by

A

different changes of hormonal production with production of active precursors

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4
Q

hormones secreted by peripheral glands may exert

A

negative feedback on hypothalamic or anterior pituitary cells

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5
Q

pituitary tropic hormones may exert

A

negative feedback on hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

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6
Q

define hypopituitarism

A

underactive pituitary gland

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7
Q

define hyperpituitarism

A

excess production of pituitary hormones from tumor

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8
Q

what diseases are caused by hyper-function of anterior pituitary gland

A
  • gigantism and acromegaly
  • hyperprolactinemia and Cushing syndrome
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9
Q

hyper-function of posterior pituitary gland can lead to

A

inappropriate release of ADH
- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

what is difference between giagantism and acromegaly

A
  • adult is acromegaly and child is gigantism (increase GH release)
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11
Q

hypo function of anterior pituitary can lead to

A

Meehan’ syndrome and dwarfism

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12
Q

hypo function of posterior pituitary can lead to

A

diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

people with prolactinomas experience what symptoms

A

galactorrhea, infertility, decreased libido, and amenorrhea

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14
Q

Cushing syndrome occurs due to

A

ACTH- recreating pituitary adenoma

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15
Q

elevated T4 and TSH is associated with

A

hyperthyroid patient

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16
Q

what is the most common type of hyper functioning pituitary adenoma

A

prolactinomas (lactotroph adenomas)

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17
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome is characterized by

A
  • failure of lactation
  • loss of pubic and axillary hair
  • deficiency of GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
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18
Q

symptoms of Sheehan’s syndrome are

A
  • no lactation
  • hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • hypoglycemia
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19
Q

what causes Sheehan’s syndrome

A

postpartum hemorrhage and acute infarction and necrosis

20
Q

diabetes insipidus is caused from

A

lack of antidiuretic hormone

21
Q

what characteristics are seen in diabetes insipidus

A
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • hypernatremia
22
Q

SIADH is caused from

A

too much ADH secretion and get retention of fluid

23
Q

SIADH has what clinical manifestations

A
  • low serum sodium
  • fatigue, weakness, twitching, convulsions, and coma
24
Q

Describe difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1: insulin dependent, autoimmune, decreased insulin production
Type 2: insulin resistant, cell insensitivity to insulin, risk factor for obesity

25
Q

Symptoms of Hypoglycemic coma are

A
  • shakes, dizziness, sweating, hunger, headache, pale, mental changes, lethargy, seizure
26
Q

hypoglycemic coma can be caused from

A

insulin overdose or XS exercise

27
Q

Describe characteristics of hypoglycemic coma

A

rapid, no acidosis, normal bp, normal breathing, pale skin, tremors, confusion, blood sugar less than 70

28
Q

describe characteristics of hyperglycemic coma

A

slow, ketoacidosis, bp in shock, air hunger respiration, skin hot and dry, depression of CNS, blood sugar over 200, elevated ketones

29
Q

symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

neuromuscular irritability, carpopedal spasm, seizures

30
Q

pathology of hyperparathyroidism

A

hyper-function of parathyroid cells from hyperplasia, adenoma, or carcinoma

31
Q

what is seen in hyperparathyroidism

A

high calcium, low or normal phosphate

32
Q

elevated PTH suggests what

A

hyperparathyroidism

33
Q

what’s the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

34
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism is most associated with

A

renal failure

35
Q

hypoparathyroidism is caused from

A

decrease of parathyroid hormone (decreased Ca and increased Ph)

36
Q

what symptoms are seen in hypoparathyroidism

A

tetany, numbness/tingling, cramps, positive trousseau’s signs, hypotension, anxiety

37
Q

what are symptoms of hyperparathyoidism

A

fatigue, weakness, pain, deformities, anorexia, wt loss, constipation, hypertension, cardiac dysthymia’s, renal stones

38
Q

primary causes of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma; benign

39
Q

clinical manifestations of parathyroid adenoma

A

females more prone; renal calculi, weakness, osteoporosis, bone resorption, mental change, seizures

40
Q

the actions of GH are mediates by

A

insulin like growth factor (IGF) made in liver and cartilage

41
Q

the common causes of growth hormone deficiency

A
  • pituitary defect or hypothalamic dysfunction
  • hypo secretion of GH
42
Q

common causes of growth hormone excess

A
  • tumor of GH producing cells in anterior pituitary
43
Q

Addisons disease is caused from

A

lack of cortisol from primary adrenal failure

44
Q

what does 21-hydroxylase deficiency lead to

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

45
Q

characteristics of cretinism

A

congenital, short stature, thick tongue, protruding abdomen, mental retardation, lack of hair

46
Q

what causes diffuse nontoxic goiter

A

dietary iodine deficiency