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pathophysiology > GI system > Flashcards

GI system Flashcards

1
Q

GI diseases present what common class of symptoms and signs

A
  1. abdominal or chest pain
  2. altered ingestion of food
  3. altered bowel movement
  4. GI tract bleeding
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2
Q

what occurs in achalasia

A

dilation of oesophagus and sphincter is not working properly

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3
Q

reflux esophagitis presents what symptoms

A

burning chest pain (heartburn) at night when laying down

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4
Q

how can gastritis lead to ulcer formation

A
  1. attenuating barrier made by cells or mucus
  2. reducing quantity of prostaglandin produced reducing acid secretion
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5
Q

gastric ulcers are distinguished from erosive gastritis by

A

depth of lesion with gastric ulcers penetrating mucosa

- most occur on lesser curvature of stomach

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6
Q

acute erosive gastritis includes what

A

inflammation of superficial mucousal injury, erosion, or shallow ulcers

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7
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis is associated with

A

H pylori infection, development of pernicious anemia, and gastric adenocarcinoma

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8
Q

the anatomical cut off for upper GI bleeding is the

A

ligament of Treitz

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9
Q

the ligament of Treitz connects the

A

4th portion of duodenum to diaphragm near splenic flexure of colon

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10
Q

Hematemesis is the

A

vomiting or bright red/ coffee grounds in blood

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11
Q

Melena is the

A

passage of black tarry stool

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12
Q

Hematochezia is the

A

bright red blood in stool

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13
Q

what characteristics are seen in upper GI bleeding

A

above Ligament of Treitz, hemetemesis or Malena, blood, hyperactive bowel sounds

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14
Q

what characteristics are seen in lower GI bleed

A

below ligament of treitz, hematochezia, clear fluid, normal bowel sound

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15
Q

gastritis is

A

inflammation of gastric mucosa

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16
Q

acute gastritis has what symptoms

A
  • rapid
  • nausea and vomiting
  • vomiting blood (hematemesis)
  • gastric hemorrhage
  • dyspepsia (heartburn)
  • anorexia
17
Q

chronic gastritis has what symptoms

A
  • anorexia
  • nausea and vomiting
  • intolerance of fatty and spicy food
  • pernicious anemia
18
Q

gastric cancer etiology includes

A
  • men over 55
  • mutation of BRCA1,2, and CDH1 gene
  • associated with family history
  • in minority races
  • smoking, obesity and h. pylori infection
19
Q

slide 23

A
20
Q

jaundice is

A

yellowish discoloration of sclera, skin from increased serum bilirubin level

21
Q

what connection is there between jaundice and GI

A
  • caused by obstruction of bile flow
22
Q

cirrhosis refers to

A

disorder where liver has XS fibrosis and loss of lobular organization

23
Q

clinical manifestations of cirrhosis are

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • anorexia/hyporexia
  • nausea/ vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • ascities
  • itching
    spider angiomas
24
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma is caused by

A
  • chronic HBC, HCV
  • chronic alcoholism
  • food contamination from aflatoxin
  • non alcoholic steatohepatitis
25
Q

cirrhosis slide 27

A
26
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma is primary malignancy of

A

hepatocyte from well differentiated hepatocytes

27
Q

symptoms of diarrhea are

A

increased stool frequency, increased stool volume, and decreased stool consistency

28
Q

churns disease is a

A

relapsing disease involving any part of gut (mostly small intestine)

29
Q

what is chrons disease characterized by

A

transmural non caseating granulomatous inflammation

30
Q

ulcerative colitis is a

A

relapsing remitting ulceroinflammatory disease involving large intestine

31
Q

symptoms of ulcerative colitis are

A

bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, ulceration and bleeding ,liver disease, anemia, fever

32
Q

symptoms of Crohn’s disease

A
  • abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, perforation of colon, toxic megacolon, fibulas, anemia, fever, abscesses
33
Q

diverticular disease what occurs

A

small bulges and pockets develop on the lining of the intestine

34
Q

symptoms of diverticular disease are

A

intermittent and unpredictable griping lower abdominal pain (diverticulitis), bloody stool, fever, peritoneal irriation

35
Q

colorectal cancer etiology are

A
  • mostly over 55 yo
  • family history
  • genetic factor
  • environmental factor
36
Q

clinical presentation of colorectal cancer

A
  • nausea
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • weakness
  • dark stool
  • constipation
37
Q

factors leading to pancreatitis are

A
  • alcohol intake
  • prior biliar disease
  • abdominal surgery
  • trauma
  • viral infections
38
Q

pancreatitis etiology are

A
  • gallstones and alcohol
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • hypercalcemia
  • pancreatic duct obstruction
  • viral infeciton
39
Q

clinical manifestation of pancreatitis

A
  • abdominal pain radiating to back
  • nausea and vomiting
  • fever and tachycardia
  • epigastric tenderness
  • abdominal distension

pathophysiology (6 decks)

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