urinary system

Question 1

what are the functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

• Filter blood
• Regulate blood volume
• Regulate concentration of blood solutes
• Regulate pH of extracellular fluid
• Regulate blood cell synthesis
• Synthesis in the active form of vitamin D

Question 2

what is the external anatomy of the kidney

Answer 2

renal capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, hilum

Question 3

what is the internal anatomy of the kidney

Answer 3

cortex, medulla, calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

Question 4

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 4

nephron

Question 5

what are the parts of the nephron

Answer 5

i. Renal corpuscle
ii. Proximal convoluted tubule
iii. Loop of henle
iv. Distal convoluted tubule
v. Collecting ducts

Question 6

What is the order of urine formation in the nephron?

Answer 6

Nephron, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 7

Name the 3 processes by which urine formation is categorized

Answer 7

1.golumlar Filtration
2.Tubular reabsorption
3.Tubular secretion

Question 8

What is filtrate

Answer 8

it is the pre form of urine, but when it exists the body it is called urine

Question 9

6. Filtration pressure determines

Answer 9

the amount of filtrate formed

Question 10

What is the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 10

The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per min

Question 11

what is the bowmans capsule

Answer 11

• Enlarged end of the nephron
• Indented to form a double-walled chamber
• Surround glomerulus

Question 12

what is the glomerular capillary

Answer 12

• Network of capillaries
• Blood enters afferent arteriole
• Exits efferent arteriole

Question 13

what is a podocyte

Answer 13

these wrap around the glomerular capillaries

Question 14

what is the main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 14

Releases renin which regulates blood pressure
- main site of renin production

Question 15

Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 15

ring of smooth muscle that lines the afferent arteriole entering bowmans capsule, Secretes renin which is important in regulation of blood pressure

Question 16

Macular densa

Answer 16

specialized tubule cells of the distal convoluted tubule, responds to changes in the sodium chloride levels in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

Which part of the nephron is involved during tubular reabsorption

Answer 17

Peritubular capillaries

Question 18

Major site of reabsorption

Answer 18

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 19

How do solutes transport through the nephron during the reabsorption

Answer 19

Solutes are transported by active transport and co transport

Question 20

how is water get transported

Answer 20

through osmosis

Question 21

ascending loop of Henle in tubular reabsorption

Answer 21

impermeable to water but still permeable to solutes
- The water stays in the filtrate
- Not allowing water or solute to pass through

Question 22

descending loop of Henle in tubular reabsorption

Answer 22

water exits osmosis and solutes enter
- Permeable to water (squamous cells)
- Additional 15% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed

Question 23

How does diabetes impact filtrate volume? In other words, do diabetes patients produce higher volume of filtrate or lower volume of filtrate?

Answer 23

• People with diabetes cannot reabsorb 100% of glucose because the concentration of glucose in the filtrate exceeds the capacity of transporters. Not enough transport proteins to take enough glucose back
• Glucose in the filtrate draws water into the convoluted tubule which increases filtrate volumes

Question 24

What is tubular secretion

Answer 24

Solutes are secreted from the blood into the filtrate

Question 25

where does tubular secretion take place in the nephron

Answer 25

distal convoluted tubule

Question 26

Give examples on what types of solutes or substances can be secreted directly into filtrate?

Answer 26

Urea, creatinine, sulfates, phosphates and nitrates

Question 27

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Answer 27

Stimulated by low blood pressure. Changes of the blood pressure will send signal to juxtaglomerular cells to secrete an enzyme aldosterone.

Question 28

ADH

Answer 28

Stimulated by decreased blood pressure or increased blood osmolality.

Question 29

What are the 2 common substances that can affect ADH release? What happens if ADH is blocked?

Answer 29

Caffeine and alcohol

Question 30

glomerular filtration

Answer 30

movement of substances from the blood within the glomerelus into the capsular space

Question 31

tubular reabsorption

Question 32

tubular secretion