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phys exam 3 > exam prep > Flashcards

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1
Q

the function of the urinary system includes

A
  • regulation of blood volume
  • filter blood
  • regulate blood solutes concentration
  • regulate the pH of extracellular fluid
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2
Q

which of the following is not part of a nephron

A

medulla

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3
Q

what is the way urine moves through the system

A

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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4
Q

the amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the
a. renal fraction
b. filtration fraction
c. glomerular filtration rate
d. clearance fraction
e. renal rate

A

c. glomerular filtration rate

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5
Q

filtration of a filtrate depends on
a. pressure
b. concentration
c. volume
d. temperature
e. osmotic

A

a. pressure

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6
Q

the visceral layer of bowmans capsule contains ____ that wrap around the glomerular capillalries
a. perirenal fat
b. simple squamous epithelium
c. cuboidal epithelium
d. podocytes
e. smooth muscle cells

A

d. podocytes

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7
Q

generally the filtrate in the descending loop of the henle is ___, while the filtrate in the ascending loop of the henle is ____
a. diluted, concentrated
b. concentrated, diluted
c. no change, diluted
d. diluted: no change
e. concentrated: no change

A

b. concentrated; diluted

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8
Q

in uncontrolled diabetes, glucose cannot be reabsorbed efficiently due to limitations with transporters. How would this phenomena impact filtrate volume?
a. increase in filtration volume
b. decrease in filtration volume
c. no change

A

a. increase in filtration volume

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9
Q

most glucose and proteins are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the _____
a. ascending loop of henle
b. descending loop of henle
c. proximal convoluted tubule
d. distal convoluted tubule
e. collecting duct

A

c. proximal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

the descending loop of henle consists mainly of simple squamous cells to
a. allow water to diffuse into interstitial fluid
b. protect the structure
c. remove solutes from filtrate
d. secrete ammonia into filtrate
e. prevent water absorption

A

a. allow water to diffuse into interstitial fluid

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11
Q

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
a. tubular secretion is a passive process; tubular reabsorption uses active transport
b. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate
c. tubular reabsorption increase urine volume; tubular secretion decreases urine volume
d. tubular reabsorption occurs in bowmans capsule; tubular secretion occurs in the peritubular capillary
e. tubular secretion moves materials from the filtrate into the blood; tubular reabsorption moves materials from the blood into the filtrate

A

b. tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate

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12
Q

aldosterone targets cells in the ____
a. proximal convoluted tubule
b. loop of henle
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. glomerulus
e. none

A

c. distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

antidiuretic hormone
a. increases the synthesis of aquaporins
b. increases glomerular filtration rate
c. increases the synthesis of sodium transporters
d. prevents water absorption by the kidney
e. increases filtrate volume

A

a. increases the synthesis of aquaporins

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14
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus is the primary site of ____- production

A

renin

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15
Q

why the tubule cells in the proximal convoluted tubule have long apical microvilli that are abundant in the basement membrane

A

to increase filtrate reabsorption area

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16
Q

the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules
a. reabsorb glucose
b. collect filtrate from bowmans capsule
c. actively transport Na but not Cl
d. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present
e. do not alter their permeability to water

A

D. vary in their permeability to water relative to the amounts of ADH present

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17
Q

the renal corpuscle consists of
a. the renal pelvis and the renal tubules
b. the glomerulus and bowmans capsule
c. bowmans capsule and the renal pelvis
d. the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus
e. the afferent and effernt arterioles

A

b. the glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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18
Q

kidneys are a major activation site of
a. vit a
b. vit B1
c. vit k
d. vit d
e. vit e

A

d. vit d

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19
Q

tubular secretion occurs in which of the following structures
a. collecting duct
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. renal pelvis
d. glomerulus
e. afferent arteriole

A

b. distal convoluted tubules

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20
Q

urine filatration begins in the

A

glomerulus

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21
Q

what do all hormones have in common
a. they are made from amino acids
b. they are bound to transport molecules in the blood
c. they bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell
d. they use secondary messenger
e. they are lipid soluble

A

c. they bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell

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22
Q

when the target tissue decreases the number of receptors available to the hormone, this is called____

A

down regulation

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23
Q

a new drug has been developed that can bind to and block plasma membrane receptors. what effect will this drug have on testosterone, a lipid soluble hormone?

A

it will not affect testosterone-mediated signaling

24
Q

when a hormone binds to a membrane bound receptor
a. the receptor is internalized and degraded
b. cellular DNA is altered
c. messenger RNA is formed
d. the receptor activates intracellular activity
e. the nucleus is phosphorylated to prevent G protein activation

A

d. the receptor activates intracellular activity

25
Q

the target tissue can increase its sensitivity to a hormone by
a. downregulating the synthesis of targeted receptor
b. upregulating the synthesis of targeted receptors
c. increasing the membrane permeability
d. internalization and degradation of receptors
e. increasing the expression of intracellular mediators

A

b. upregulating the synthesis of targeted receptor

26
Q

the anterior pituitary secretes a tropic hormone which stimulates release of hormones from a target endocrine cell, these hormones decrease secretion of the tropic hormone. this is an example of _____
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. up regulation
d. down regulation

A

b. negative feedback

27
Q

receptors for most lipid soluble hormones are located
a. in the cytoplasm of their target cells
b. on the plasma membrane of their target cells
c. in the lysosomes of their target cells
d. in the mitochondria of their target cells
e. in the nucleus or cytoplasm of their target cells

A

e. in the nucleus or cytoplasm of their target cells

28
Q

exercise increases epinephrine secretion and blood flow to the skeletal muscle. this is an example of ____
a. episodic hormone secretion
b. acute hormone secretion
c. chronic hormone secretion
d. neural stimulus
e. hormonal stimulus

A

b. acute hormone secretion

29
Q

this organ that has both endocrine and exocrine function
a. thyroid
b. pancreas
c. liver
d. kidney
e. ovaries

A

b. pancreas

30
Q

the posterior pituitary secretes
a. chiasmatic hormones
b. tropic hormones
c. transcriptional hormones
d. neurohormones
e. interstitial hormones

A

d. neurohormones

31
Q

what about vitmain D is not true

A

vitamin D synthesized in the skin is transported in blood as a free hormones

32
Q

if thyroid hormones levels increase above homeostatic levels, which of the following would occur
a. thyroid hormone production will increase as part of positive feedback
b. thyroid hormone levels will decline due to negative feedback inhibition
d. there will be no change in thyroid hormone levels

A

b. thyroid hormone levels will decline due to negative feedback inhibition

33
Q

tropic hormones
a. are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
b. regulate the secretion of another hormone
c. are regulated by humoral stimuli
d. are secreted by adipose tissues
e. are regulated by the pineal gland

A

b. regulate the secretion of another hormone

34
Q

the release of epinephrine often related to increased physical activity or stress. all of the following responses is associated with epinephrine secretion except
a. increase blood glucose levels
b. increase heart rate
c. increase glycogen breakdown
d. increase blood flow back to small intestine
e. increase fatty acid breakdown

A

d. increase blood flow back to small intestine

35
Q

a single hormone can set off cascade like repsonce due to its activation of second messengers. This is an example of _____
a. transcription
b. translation
c. up regulation
d. down regulation
e. signal amplification

A

e. signal amplification

36
Q

thyroid hormones
a. regulate metabolic rate
b. are lipid soluble
c. usually transported with thyroxine binding protein
d. contain iodine

A

e. all of the above

37
Q

which organs are involved in making the bioactive form of vit d
a. kidneys and lungs
b. liver and pancreas
c. liver and spleen
d. kidneys and liver
e. pancreas and lungs

A

d kidneys and lungs

38
Q

the beta cells of pancreatic islets secrete ____ an anobolic hormone

A

insulin

39
Q

individuals with hyperthyroidism often experience
a. decreased metabolic rate
b. weight loss
c. constipation
d. weakness
e. all of the above

A

b. weight loss

40
Q

vit D deficiency can cause bone softening amount children, this condition is referred to as
a. ricket
b. goiter
c. osteoporosis
d. anemia
e. graves disease

A

a. ricket

41
Q

what is known as the love hormone

A

oxytocin

42
Q

what is the one similarity between calciotonin and parathyroid hormone
a. both hormones stimulate osteoblast activity
b. both hormones increase blood phosphate levels
c. they regulate blood calcium levels
d. they are secreted by follicular cells of the thyroid glands

A

c. they regulate blood calcium levels

43
Q

decreased sensistivity of insulin receptor to insulin can lead to
a. hyperglycemia
b. insulin deficiency
c. kidney failure
d. hypoglycemia
e. muscle weakness

A

a. hyperglycemia

44
Q

cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (cart) is what type neurotransmitter?

A

b. anorexigenic

45
Q

the term for fullness that occurs within a meal is
a. palatability
b. satisfaction
c. specificity
d. orexigenicity
e. satiation

A

e. satiation

46
Q

which of the below describes the similarity between leptin and insulin
a. they are hunger hormones
b. they inhibit orexigenic signals
c. they are secreted by the pancreas
d. their secretion is proportional to body adipose stores
e. they are regulated by PYY

A

b. they inhibit orexigenic signals

47
Q

this hypothalamus nucleus can directly monitor blood nutrient concentrations and interact with hormones to regulate appetite
a. arcuate nucleus
b. lateral hypothalamic area
c. periventricular nucleus
d. brainstem
e. adipose tissue

A

e. adipose tissue

48
Q

increased in leptin secretion tends to
a. elevate blood glucose
b. promote food intake
c. suppress food intake
d. increase ghrelin secretion
e. decreased metabolic rate

A

c. suppress food intake

49
Q

leptin is secreted by ____
a. small intestine
b. pancreas
c. liver
d. adipose tissue
e. pituitary glands

A

d. adipose tissue

50
Q

orexigenic neurotransmitters prevent someone from eating
a. true
b. false

A

false

51
Q

the lateral hypothalamic area is responsible for food searching, initiation and stimulation of eating
a. true
b. false

A

a. true

52
Q

also known as the hunger hormone

A

ghrelin

53
Q

increase synthesis of sodium transporters and hence sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

54
Q

a catabolic hormone that is secreted when blood glucose is low

A

glucagon

55
Q

secretion is usually triggered by high calcium concentration

A

calcitonin

56
Q

the hormone increases synthesis of a 1-a- hydroxylase that helps to activate it d that is needed for calcium absorption

A

parathyroid hormone

phys exam 3 (7 decks)

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