short answers

Question 1

Glucose in the urine is commonly observed among diabetes patients. Describe the mechanism on how the concentrated glucose in the filtrate can affect filtrate volume.

Answer 1

• concentration in filtrate exceeds the capacity of transporters
• leads to a remainder of glucose in urine in diabetics
• glucose in filtrate draws water into convoluted tubule
• increases filtrate volume causing frequent urination

Question 2

After your exam, you decided to have a few beers to celebrate. What effect does this beer/alcohol have on urine volume? And why?

Answer 2

• increase urine volume
• blocks ADH hormones that are produces in posterior pituitary gland
  increased intake of alcohol prevents reabsorption of water into kidney

Question 3

What is the role of mitochondria and microvilli found along the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 3

helps increase area for reabsorption

Question 4

Under the low blood pressure condition, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal system will be triggered to restore blood pressure level. Describe the steps in details on how renin helps regulate blood pressure level.

Answer 4

1. renin is secreted
2. angiotensin I is produced
3. angiotensin II is produced
4. aldosterone is secreted
5. increased sodium retention
6. increased water retention by the kidney

Question 5

water soluble hormones

Answer 5

• bind to membrane bound receptors
• high stability
• free hormones

Question 6

lipid soluble hormones

Answer 6

-bind to nuclear receptors
- low stability
- use binding proteins to circulate blood to provide protection to the hormone

Question 7

PTH and Low blood calcium target organs

Answer 7

bone, kidney and small intestine

Question 8

When calcium is low, PTH is secreted. How about when calcium is high?

Answer 8

prevents PTH secretion

Question 9

What hormone is involved and what’s the outcome?

Answer 9

Calcitonin, maintains Ca2+ levels, regulate blood glucose levels