practice exam Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
Vasa recta
Aldosterone targets cells in the __________ to increase the expression of ____________ transporter as a mean to retain/reabsorb sodium.
Distal convoluted tubule; sodium
Arrange the following in the sequence in which filtrate moves through them.
(1) Loop of Henle
(2) Bowman capsule
(3) Distal convoluted tubule
(4) Proximal convoluted tubule
2, 4, 1, 3
The site of renin production is found in the ___________
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin converts
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
In glomerulonephritis, the permeability of the filtration membrane increases, allowing proteins to cross the membrane. Which of the following would you expect to observe?
Increase in filtration volume
Urine is carried from the kidneys to the urinary bladder by the _______
Ureter
Tubular reabsorption occurs in which of the following structures?
Proximal convoluted tubule
The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the __________.
Glomerular filtration rate
Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles results in
increased renin secretion.
Water is moved from the __________ into the capillaries of the vasa recta by way of the process of __________.
descending loop; osmosis
Antidiuretic hormone
Enhances water reabsorption
The function of the urinary system includes:
Regulate pH of extracellular fluid
Which of the following hormone has longer half-life?
Aldosterone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone prevents the release of additional growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. This is an example of_______.
Hormonal stimulus
Humoral stimuli usually involve stimulation by _______
Metabolites or molecules
Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to a nuclear receptor?
Activation of RNA (mRNA) synthesis
How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?
By the presence of specific receptor molecules on the target cells
Thyroid hormone inhibits its own secretion, which is an example of ___________ feedback. In contrast, __________ feedback occurs when oxytocin induces the production of more oxytocin, leading to an amplification effect.
Negative; positive
The following action can be activated by membrane-bound receptors EXCEPT:
Activate the mRNA synthesis
Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked?
hormonal and neural stimuli
Water-soluble hormones bind to ____________receptors, and lipid-soluble hormones bind to_______ receptors.
Membrane-bound; nuclear
The tendency of one hormone bind to only type of receptor is called _______.
Specificity
A hormone can set off a cascade-like response due to its activation of secondary messenger. This is an example of __________
Signal amplification
Lipid-soluble hormones respond faster than water-soluble hormones because they can bind to DNA promoter region directly to induce transcription.
False
Tissues can change their sensitivity to hormones by changing the expression of targeted receptor.
True
A receptor is used to maximize the response of a hormone but is not necessary in order for a target cell to respond to its hormone.
False
Stable levels of thyroid hormone are maintained over a long period of time
chronic hormone secretion
Epinephrine levels spike during a stress event
acute hormone secretion
Estrogen and progesterone levels change cyclically and predictably every month
episodic hormone secretion
Which of the following hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin is associated with___________
Social bonding and maternal nurturing
What would happen if secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is inhibited?
Prevents water reabsorption by the kidney
The activation of vitamin D occurs in ___
Kidney
Which of the following is associated with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones?
Increased metabolic rate
Elevated levels of T3 and T4 __________ metabolic rate, while decreased levels of T3 and T4 _________ metabolic rate.
increase; decrease
If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?
Osteoclast activity increases
Leptin is released by _________________
adipose tissue
Deficiency in iodine can cause the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of this gland, leading to goiter.
Thyroid
Calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium level is_______
High
Increased calcitonin levels result in __________ osteoclast activity in the bones.
Decreased
Which of the following are actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Stimulates increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
Which of the following is more likely to occur following a meal?
All of the above
This GI hormone has the following characteristics:
-It is released by the small intestine
-It can slow motility in the stomach and stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon activity
-Its secretion can be stimulated by food intake
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Tropic hormones
All of the above choices are correct.
The term for fullness that occurs within a meal is:
Satiation
Which is not true of ghrelin?
Has the same basic effect on satiety as insulin.
Which of the following is orexigenic?
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for search for food, initiation, and stimulation of eating?
Lateral hypothalamic area
This hypothalamic nucleus monitors blood nutrient concentrations and responsible for feelings of hunger and initiation of eating.
Arcuate nucleus
