Urinary System

Question 1

Features of Acute renal failure?

Answer 1

BCS: Good
Kidney: Smooth/ Enlarged
PCV: Normal/Increased
K: Normal/high ( rarely low)
Metabolic acidosis: Severe
CS: Severe relative to azotemia
Urinary elimination: PU/PD, oliguria, anuria

Question 2

Features of chronic renal failure?

Answer 2

BCS: Poor
Kidney: Small/ Irregular
PCV: Nonregenerative anemia
K: Normal/ low
Metabolic acidosis: Less severe
CS: Milder relative to azotemia
Urinary elimination: Longterm PU/PD & oliguria & anuria are unlikely!

Question 3

PKD details:

Answer 3

a. PKD- Polycystic kidney disease
b. Cat breed: Persian cats
c. Inheritance: that has autosomal dominant mode of inheritance that causes defect in PKD1 gene
d. When do they show evidence of dysfunction/ failure? Dysfunction around 3-10 y.o., have renal failure at >7 y.o.
e. PKD Lesions: can occur in any segment of the nephron

Question 4

Pathogenesis of papillary necrosis?

Answer 4

The medulla receives 10% blood flow, when paired with reduced GFR from dehydration & NSAID (inhibit PGE)–> ischemia & necrosis of papillae

Question 5

Administration of which drugs is associated with papillary necrosis?

Answer 5

NSAIDS ( Bute in horses)

Question 6

Pathogenesis of immune complex glomerulonephritis?

Answer 6

Circulating immune complex deposit in/ adjacent to glomerular basement membrane or ab form against basement membrane, complement fixation, leukocytic infiltration & inflammatory mediators produced by mesangial cells (glomerular injury), in which the filtration barrier becomes compromised–> Protein loss!

Question 7

Are underlying conditions often identified when the animal is symptomatic for renal disease?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

What is the urinalysis finding that is most suggestive of glomerular disease?

Answer 8

Proteinuria in absence of hemorrhage or inflammation

Question 9

Which animals have systemic reactive amyloidosis?

Answer 9

Shar Peis and Abyssinians

Question 10

What effect does amyloid deposition have on glomeruli and what does this lead to?

Answer 10

Lead to compromised filtration barrier, proteinuria and animals develop progressive renal insufficiency & proteinuria.

Question 11

Where in the kidney do bacteria most commonly lodge in septicemic processes?

Answer 11

Glomerular and peritubular capillaries

Question 12

Which bacteria most commonly cause embolic glomerulitis in horses? In pigs? In cattle?

Answer 12

i. Horse: Actinobacillus equlli
ii. Pig: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
iii. Cattle: Trueperalla pyogenes

Question 13

What causes ischemic tubular necrosis?

Answer 13

Due to hypotension & shock

Question 14

Can basement membranes in acute tubular necrosis be preserved?

Answer 14

It may be preserved & act as scaffolding for tubular epithelial regeneration; but often edema will compress capillaries resulting in ischemia!

Question 15

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 15

Inflammation of renal pelvis & parenchyma

a. How do these infections typically reach the kidney? Ascending infections from the lower urinary tract; patients typically will have concurrent urethritis & cystitis

Question 16

What is the kidney worm in swine, and where is the worm located?

Answer 16

Staphanurus dentatus, that is encysts in perirenal tissues & communicates with renal pelvis

Question 17

Which species are affected by Dioctophyma renale?

Answer 17

piscivorous mammals ( mink, dog, cat)

Question 18

What is an ectopic ureter?

Answer 18

When ureter empties elsewhere except trigone (ex. bladder neck, vagina, seminal vesicles), it can be unilateral or bilateral and is reported most often in females (d/t urinary incontinence at birth).

Question 19

What is a patent urachus?

Answer 19

Failure of closure of the urachal lumen resulting in urine dribbling from the urachus
- common in foals!

Question 20

What are predisposing factors for urolithiasis?

Answer 20

Increased urine pH (precipitation), decreased water intake, hereditary factors ( Dalmations), dietary factors, UTI

Question 21

What gender is more likely to obstruct?

Answer 21

Males, due to long narrow urethra

Question 22

What are predisposing factors for cystitis?

Answer 22

Female (wide/ short urethra), loss of normal voiding mechanisms, loss of acidic urine pH (carnivores), glucosuria, proteinuria and mucosal trauma ( tumor, stones)