Bones Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different stages of fracture repair?

A

a. Hematoma
b. Fibrocartilaginous callus (soft callus
c. Bony callus
d. Bony remodeling

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2
Q

What is lamellar bone?

A

mature with well-organized collagen bundles that form compact/ cortical bone & cancellous/spongy bone.

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3
Q

What is woven bone?

A

occurs in developing fetus and in response to injury. It does it remodeled and replaced by lamellar bone.

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4
Q

What are consequences of growth plate damage and/or growth plate fracture?

A

cessation of bone growth & angular limb deformity ( most commonly occurs in distal radial physis)

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5
Q

What is the genetic mutation responsible for spider lamb syndrome?

A

FGF Receptor 3

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6
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta pathogenesis?

A

defective type 1 collagen leads to reduced bone mass, bone fragility & increased fracture frequency.

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7
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta associated signs?

A

bowing of limbs, reduced growth, joint laxity, opalescent, fragile teeth & blue sclera

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8
Q

What 2 mechanisms for osteoperosis?

A

dysfunctional osteoclast or decreased osteoclast numbers

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9
Q

What are gross changes associated with CMO?

What dog breeds are usually affected?

A

affect mandible, occipital & temporal bones & can result in ankylosis (fusion of temporal & mandibular joint).
- West highland terriers & scottish terrier

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10
Q

What is osteroperosis?

A

reduced bone mass/density but normal mineralization

  • term used when clinical
  • subclinical called osteopenia
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11
Q

What are the possible causes of osteroperosis?

A

Protein calorie malnutrition, dietary calcium deficiency, reduced physical activity, hyperglucocorticoidism & decreased E2 levels (human)

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12
Q

What causes ricketts or osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D or Phosphorus deficiency

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13
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

occur in adults with no lesions at growth cartilage

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14
Q

What is ricketts?

A

disease of young, growing skeleton d/t abnormal endochondral ossification at growth plates & defective bone formation

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15
Q

What is underlying pathogenesis for fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

persistent elevation of plasma PTH

caused by primary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional hyperparathyroidism, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy

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16
Q

fibrous osteodystrophy associated lesions?

A

bilateral enlargement of skull bone (rubber jaw), cortical bone & marrow cavity filled with fibrous tissue, loose teeth w/ increased risk of fractures/ligament avulsions.

17
Q

What animal species that are susceptible to Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)?

A

Primates, guinea pigs & some bats

18
Q

What effect does lead toxicosis have on bone?

A

toxic to osteoclast and causes a band of sclerotic bone at metaphysis in growing bone (lead line) with persistent mineralized cartilage.

19
Q

What bone changes occur with vitamin A tox?

A

osteophyte formation & periosteal bone formation (chronic)

  • source: liver in diet
20
Q

Sources of Vitamin D tox

A

Vit D plant ingestion, excess vit D in diet, cholecalciferol rodenticide

21
Q

What are the routes of bacterial infection?

A

hematogenous, local extension & implantation (penetrating trauma/ open fx)

22
Q

why does hematogenous osteomyelitis often localize at sites of endochondral ossification?

A

i. metaphyses & epiphyses of long bone & vertebral bodies
ii. loops of capillaries invading mineralized cartilage
iii. capillaries are fenestrated
iv. blood flow is sluggish in this area

23
Q

What are possible sequelae to vertebral osteomyelitis?

A

i. pathologic fx & vertebral body collapse
ii. supportive exudate & bone fragments into spinal cord (cord compression)
iii. acute onset of neurologic signs (paresis/paralysis)

24
Q

What is the causative agent for lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

25
What lesions are associated with lumpy jaw?
marked pyogranulomatous inflammatory response, marked periosteal woven bone proliferation, granulation tissue deposition & loss teeth
26
What are the bacterial agents associated with atrophic rhinitis?
Pasturella multocida & Bordetella bronchiseptica
27
Atrophic rhinitis sequela
toxin inhibits osteoblast & stimulates osteoclast, so get nasal turbinate bone destruction
28
What are the fungal agents that likely induce osteomyelitis:
Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis & Cryptococcus sp.
29
Viral agents that can induce metaphyseal sclerosis:
BVDV, classical swine fever virus, border disease virus, canine distemper virus
30
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is...
characterized by periosteal new bone formation on long bones (especially distal extremities)
31
HOD signalment & CS
Signalment: young growing dogs, esp. large & giant breeds ( Great Danes, Boxers & GSD) CS: fever, malaise, lameness & swelling/pain of long bone
32
HOD rad changes?
double physeal line
33
Panosteitis signalment & CS
Signalment: large/ giant dogs (5-12 mo) CS: shifting lameness ( mild/severe) usually forelimb
34
Associated rad changes in panosteitis
patchy area of radiodensity of diaphysis (area of nutrient foramen)
35
Legg- Calve Perthes DZ- signament
small/ toy dog breeds (4-11 mo) esp. mini poodles, yorkies, west highland terriers
36
What are osteochondromas?
Benign, cartilage tumor like exostosis (arise from endochondral bone surface) * they can undergo malignant transformation!
37
fibrosarcoma types are
phenotypic low grade but biologically high grade!