Lower respiratory tract

Question 1

What is the tissue response to chronic injury to bronchi

Answer 1

a. Hyperplasia/goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, bronchial gland hyperplasia, smooth muscle hyperplasia & fibrosis

Question 2

What is the tissue response to chronic injury to bronchioles

Answer 2

a. Goblet cell metaplasia (increase mucin & plug airway)

Question 3

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 3

is a sequelae to chronic remodeling of bronchi and permanent dilation.

Question 4

What is diffuse alveolar damage?

Answer 4

a. Represents acute diffuse injury to Type 1 epithelial cells or endothelial cells of alveolar septa, causing pulmonary edema & hyaline membrane formation. Causing Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia causing interstitial fibrosis.

Question 5

acute respiratory distress syndrome:

Answer 5

is a condition of acute onset pulmonary edema with no evidence of pulmonary atrial hypertension

Question 6

Definition of Thrombus:

Answer 6

formation of excessive or inappropriate fibrin-plt aggregate on endothelium of bv/lymphatic/ within heart

Question 7

Definition of Embolus:

Answer 7

piece of thrombus that has broken off & free in circulation

Question 8

Definition of Thromboembolus:

Answer 8

thrombus free in lumen of a vessel

Question 9

Clinical presentation of a horse with EIPH

Answer 9

i. subclinical to severe with epistaxis that is typically not fatal

Question 10

Expected gross changes in the lung with equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

Answer 10

i. High vascular pressure & flow in caudo-dorsal lung resulting in venous remodeling, which predisposes capillary to rupture during exercise & hemorrhage into airways.

Question 11

Fatal EIPH typical presentation

Answer 11

sudden death (during or after strenuous exercise) & epistaxis from nostril (perimortem).

Question 12

Fatal EIPH gross changes in the lung

Answer 12

massive hemorrhage predominantly affecting caudodorsal & cranial lung.

Question 13

Feline asthma signs:

Answer 13

cough, dyspnea & wheezing

Question 14

Feline asthma- expected radiographic changes

Answer 14

potentially bronchial wall thickening

Question 15

Recurrent airway obstruction in horses- signs

Answer 15

chronic cough, increased expiratory effort & exercise intolerance–> may see a heave-line ( prominent ventral muscle)

Question 16

inflammatory airway disease

Answer 16

RAO in a young horse(2-4 yr), exercise will induce wheezing, coughing and excess mucus production (but no signs at rest)

Question 17

Pneumoconiosis:

Answer 17

a. Lung disease ensuing from inhalation & retention of inorganic dusts (incidental)

Question 18

Silicate pneumoconiosis typical pulmonary changes

Answer 18

Progressive granulomatous inflammation with intralesional crystalline material around bronchioles & interstitium with fibrosis

Question 19

Aspiration pneumonia- typical distribution?

Answer 19

unilateral cranioventral distribution

Question 20

Aspiration pneumonia- effects on the lung

Answer 20

acute intense necrosis, hemorrhage & inflammation

Question 21

which cell types in the lung are predominantly involved in toxin metabolism?

Answer 21

club cells and type II pneumocytes

Question 22

3- methylindole pathogenesis?

Answer 22

L-tryptophan converts into 3-MI in rumen, which then converts to reactive intermediates (via CYP in lung) resulting in membrane damage & lipid peroxidation

Question 23

4-ipomeanol pathogenesis?

Answer 23

(from moldy sweet potato) converted to reactive intermediate via CYP

Question 24

perilla mint toxicity pathogenesis?

Answer 24

1-(3 furyl) 4 methylpentatone to reactive intermediates via CYP

Question 25

What is paraquat & what pulmonary lesions does it cause?

Answer 25

Herbicide

acute diffuse alveolar damage & pulmonary hemorrhage

Question 26

What are predisposing factors for lung lobe torsion?

Answer 26

neoplasia, pneumonia, atelectasis & prev. thoracic sx

Question 27

What are 3 mechanisms of atelectasis?

Answer 27

a. Obstructive atelectasis
b. Compressive atelectasis
c. Fetal atelectasis

Question 28

What diseases are typically associated with interstitial emphysema in cattle:

Answer 28

Down cow (forced exhalation against close glottis)
toxic injury causing respiratory distress
BRSV pneumonia

Question 29

Potential sequela to bullae and blebs

Answer 29

spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 30

What is expected biological behavior of pulmonary adenocarcinomas:

Answer 30

a. extrapulmonary metastasis, intrapulmonary metastasis, and cutaneous/digital metastasis in cats.