Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bean-shaped organ that is retroperitoneal (more posterior) in location and extends from the level of the T12 vertebra to the L3 vertebra?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false. The left kidney is lower than the right kidney.

A

False. The right kidney is lower than the left kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is the lateral surface of the kidneys convex or concave?

A

Convex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the medial surface of the kidneys convex or concave?

A

Concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a vertical cleft in the medial surface of the kidneys that leads to a space called the renal sinus?

A

The hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Enumerate the 3 regions of the kidney.

A
  1. Cortex (outer)
  2. Renal pelvis
  3. Renal pyramid of medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This region of the kidney is light in color and has a granular appearance. What is it?

A

Outer cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What region of the kidneys is darker red and has reddish-brown renal pyramids?

A

Inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do renal pyramids appear stripped?

A

Due to the fact that they are formed by bundles of parallel tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the kidneys is funnel-shaped and continuous with the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many microcirculatory beds do the kidneys have?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enumerate the microcirculatory beds in the kidneys.

A
  1. Glomerular microcirculation

2. Peritubular microcirculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enumerate the components fo the glomerular microcirculation bed.

A
  1. Afferent arteriole
  2. Glomerular capillary tufts
  3. Efferent arteriole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enumerate the components of the peritubular microcirculatory bed.

A
  1. Efferent arteriole
  2. Peritubular capillaries
  3. Vein/venule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the efferent arterioles for the kidneys’ microcirculatory beds?

A

They help regulate hydrostatic pressures in both sets of capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Starling forces composed of?

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure
  2. Colloid osmotic pressure
  3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  4. Osmotic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false. There is low hydrostatic pressure in your glomerulus.

A

False. Filtration is fast and in great amounts in the glomerulus because hydrostatic pressure is high (2x higher than in systemic circulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false. Movement of water is always towards Bowman’s capsule.

A

True. You always have a collection of water in the Bowman’s capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 steps in urine formation?

A
  1. Filtration (glomerular microcirculation)
  2. Reabsorption (peritubular microcirculation)
  3. Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at the afferent and efferent arterioles when your body senses that you are dehydrated?

A

Resistance is decreased in the afferent and efferent arterioles so filtration will be slowed down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do hormones do in response to your body signaling you are dehydrated?

A
  1. Prevent diuresis (ADH or antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Conserves water
  3. Promotes increased reabsorption of water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What separates the kidneys’ 2 microcirculatory beds?

A

The efferent arterioles

23
Q

What feature does renal blood flow exhibit that allows it to remain constant over a range of pressures from 100 to 200 mmHg?

A

Autoregulation

24
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidneys?

A

Nephron

25
Q

What are the 2 major components of a nephron?

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Tubules

26
Q

True or false. Glomeruli are usually more in the inner medulla.

A

False. Glomeruli are more numerous in the outer cortex.

27
Q

True or false. Tubules are found more in the inner medulla.

A

True

28
Q

What structure in the kidneys are composed of tufts of capillaries that filters blood, receives blood from the afferent arteriole, and empties blood into the efferent arteriole? Its main function is filtration.

A

Glomerulus

29
Q

Enumerate the 3 major ayers of the glomerular capillary membrane that makes up the filtration barrier.

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Layer of epithelial cells (podocytes)
30
Q

What will be blocked from passing through the glomerular filtration?

A

Plasma (albumin)

31
Q

True or false. Filtration at the glomerulus occurs at an almost non-selective manner.

A

True. Only macromolecular albumin from plasma is restricted from passing through the filtration process at the glomerular level.

32
Q

Enumerate the structures of a nephron.

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. Tubular system
33
Q

What structure surrounds the glomerules, forms a double-walled chamber, and its cavity opens into the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Bowman’s capsule

34
Q

What is composed of the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus?

A

Renal corpuscle

35
Q

What structure of the nephron is concerned with reabsorption and secretion?

A

Tubular system

36
Q

What are the components of a nephron’s tubular system?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  4. Collecting duct
37
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons and where are they found?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons (found in cortex)

2. Juxtamedullary nephron (located near the cortex-medullary junction)

38
Q

Where are most nephrons located?

A

In the cortex

39
Q

What capillaries arise from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomeruli, is closely associated with the renal tubules, and is adapted for absorption (readily absorbs solute and water from tubule cells)?

A

Peritubular capillaries

40
Q

What is the region of the nephron where the DCT comes in contact with the afferent arteriole?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

41
Q

What type of cells in the kidneys have mechanoreceptors that sense changes in pressure in the afferent arteriole? They also secrete renin in response to hypoperfusion (low blood pressure).

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

42
Q

What chemoreceptors/osmoreceptrs are located in the DCT that detect changes in solute concentrate of the filtrate?

A

Macula densa

43
Q

Can albumin be present in Bowman’s capsule?

A

No. It is filtered out in the glomerulus.

44
Q

True or false. Glucose is 100% reabsorbed by the body.

A

True. There should be no detectable level of glucose in your urine

45
Q

True or false. For creatinine, the amount excreted is equal to the amount filtered.

A

True. 0% of creatinine should be reabsorbed by the body.

46
Q

True or false. Only 50% of your urea is reabsorbed by your body.

A

True

47
Q

True or false. As molecular weight increases, filterability across basement membrane decreases.

A

True

48
Q

True or false. Tubular processing of glomerular filtrate is non-selective.

A

False. The processing is highly selective with reabsorption of water and solutes including active and passive transport mechanisms at the level of tubules.

49
Q

What is the average urine output per day?

A

1.5 Liters

50
Q

What are the 2 reasons for a stable glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A
  1. Renal autoregulation

2. Adaptive mechanisms

51
Q

What is the hormone renin responsible for?

A

It corrects low pressure by increasing resistance

52
Q

List how renin increases resistance in the kidneys.

A

Renin is released by juxtaglomerular cells > increase formation of angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II > angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles > increasing glomerular hydrostatic pressure and returning GFR to normal

53
Q

What should not be found in normal urine?

A

Glucose, RBC, WBC. Cellular components should not be filtered in the kidneys.

54
Q

What is the medical term for blood in urine?

A

Hematuria

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions