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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the 4 layers of the gut from the innermost to outermost layer.

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa (outermost)
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2
Q

What are the sublevels of the mucosa layer of the gut?

A
  1. Epithelium (innermost)
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae (produces folds such as plicae in small intestine or rugae in stomach)
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3
Q

What is the submucosa layer of the gut composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue. The submucosa also contains the submucosal plexus and blood vessels.

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4
Q

What are the 2 layers of the muscularis externa?

A

Inner layer = circular; outer layer = longitudinal (ICOL)

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5
Q

What is a double layer of peritoneum that holds digestive organs in place and stores fat?

A

Mesentery

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6
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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7
Q

What type of peritoneum covers the external surface of most digestive organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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8
Q

What type of peritoneum lines the body wall?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum that lubricates the digestive organs, allowing them to slide across one another?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

Enumerate the 5 major peritoneal folds.

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Falciform ligament
  3. Lesser omentum
  4. Mesentery
  5. Mesocolon
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11
Q

What peritoneal fold is an apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine and transverse colon and is the site of fat deposition in overweight people?

A

Greater omentum

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12
Q

What is a peritoneal fold that anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and inferior border of the diaphragm?

A

Falciform ligament

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13
Q

What peritoneal fold suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver and provided a pathway for structures connecting to the liver?

A

Lesser omentum

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14
Q

What peritoneal fold is a vertical band of tissue anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and anchoring all the small intestine except the initial portion (duodenum)?

A

Mesentery

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15
Q

What peritoneal fold attaches two portions of the large intestine (transverse and sigmoid colon) to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesocolon

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16
Q

What are the 6 essential activities of the digestive system?

A

IPM CAD

  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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17
Q

What type of propulsion happens in the oropharynx and is voluntary?

A

Swallowing

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18
Q

What type of propulsion happens in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine and is involuntary?

A

Peristalsis

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19
Q

What process involves sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the alimentary wall of smooth muscles and is used to propel food?

A

Peristalsis

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20
Q

What is a purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food but simply makes the food smaller?

A

Mechanical digestion

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21
Q

What type of mechanical digestion happens in the mouth?

A

Chewing

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22
Q

What type of mechanical digestion happens in the stomach?

A

Churning

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23
Q

What type of mechanical digestion happens in the small intestine?

A

Segmentation

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24
Q

What type of digestion involves enzymes that break down food and happens in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion

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25
Q

What digestive function happens primarily in the small intestine?

A

Absorption

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26
Q

What is the final step in the digestive process where undigested matter are removed from the body as feces?

A

Defecation

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27
Q

What type of mechanical digestion involves localized contractions which mixed the food with digestive juices and facilitates absorption?

A

Segmentation

28
Q

Enumerate the anatomy of the mouth.

A
  1. Cheeks
  2. Lips (labia), labial frenulum
  3. Hard palate
  4. Soft palate
  5. Uvula
  6. Palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch
29
Q

What organ helps in the propulsion of bolus and has circumvallate papillae (posterior), filiform papillae, and fungiform papillae (anterior)?

A

Tongue

30
Q

Enumerate the 3 major pairs of salivary glands.

A
  1. Submandibular glands
  2. Sublingual glands
  3. Parotid glands
31
Q

What type of salivary gland is located in the floor of the mouth?

A

Submandibular glands

32
Q

What salivary gland lies below the tongue?

A

Sublingual glands

33
Q

What salivary gland lies between the skin and masseter muscle near the ears?

A

Parotid glands

34
Q

What initiates breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth and is inactivated by stomach acid?

A

Salivary amylase

35
Q

What are the 3 classifications of teeth?

A
  1. Incisors - chisel-shaped for cutting or nipping
  2. Canines - conical or fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
  3. Premolars (bicuspid) and molars - broad crowns with rounded tips; best for grinding or crushing
36
Q

What is a muscular tube from the laryngopharynx to the stomach and is located behind the trachea? It joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice.

A

Esophagus

37
Q

What function of the esophagus allows bolus to move from laryngopharynx to esophagus?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter relaxation

38
Q

What function of the esophagus propels bolus through the esophagus?

A

Peristalsis

39
Q

What function of the esophagus allows bolus to move from esophagus into stomach and prevents chyme from entering the esophagus?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

40
Q

What function of the esophagus lubricates the esophagus and allows for easy passage of the bolus?

A

Mucus secretion

41
Q

What is another term for swallowing and refers to movement of food from the mouth to the stomach?

A

Deglutition

42
Q

How many seconds does it take for food to move from the mouth to the stomach?

A

4 to 8 seconds for solid or semisolid food and 1 second for liquid

43
Q

What are the 3 phases of deglutition?

A
  1. Voluntary phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
44
Q

Where does chemical breakdown of proteins begin? It is also where food is converted to chyme.

A

Stomach

45
Q

Which portion of the stomach surrounds the cardiac orifice (the opening where the esophagus communicates with the stomach)?

A

Cardiac region

46
Q

Which portion of the stomach is the dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm?

A

Fundus

47
Q

What is the name of the midportion of the stomach?

A

Body

48
Q

What portion of the stomach is made up of the antrum and the canal which terminates at the pylorus? This portion is continuous with the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter which pushes chyme into the duodenum.

A

Pyloric region

49
Q

What portion of the stomach refers to the entire extent of the convex lateral surface?

A

Greater curvature

50
Q

What portion of the stomach refers to the concave medial surface?

A

Lesser curvature

51
Q

What portion of the stomach runs from the liver to the lesser curvature?

A

Lesser omentum

52
Q

What portion of the stomach drapes inferiorly from the great curvature to the small intestine?

A

Greater omentum

53
Q

What refers to folds in the inner lining of the stomach?

A

Rugae

54
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A
  1. Cephalic secretion
  2. Gastric secretion
  3. Intestinal secretion
55
Q

What secretion phase takes place before food enters the stomach and is triggered by smell, taste, sight, or thought of food? It is a conditioned reflex. It only occurs if you like or want a particular food.

A

Cephalic phase

56
Q

What secretion phase lasts 3 to 4 hours and happens when food reaches the stomach and creates distention of the stomach? Distention activates stretch receptors and provokes secretion of gastric juices.

A

Gastric phase

(Ex: parietal cells are induced to increase production of HCl, which is needed to create an acidic environment for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin and protein digestion)

57
Q

What secretion phase is both excitatory and inhibitory? This happens when partially digested food enters the duodenum, causing intestinal mucosal cells to release intestinal (enteric) gastric. When the intestine distends with chyme the enterogastric reflex inhibits secretion and closes the pyloric sphincter.

A

Intestinal phase

58
Q

What nonpolar substances does the stomach absorb?

A

Alcohol and aspirin

59
Q

What is a unique type of peristalsis that mixes and softens food with gastric juices to create chyme?

A

Churning or mixing wave

60
Q

What portion of the stomach stores both undigested food and gases that are release during the process of chemical digestion?

A

Fundus

61
Q

What causes breakdown of proteins in stomach?

A

Actions of HCl and the enzyme pepsin

62
Q

What is one stomach function necessary for life?

A

Production of intrinsic factor

63
Q

What vitamin is necessary for both production of mature red blood cells and normal neurological functioning and needs the intrinsic factor to be absorbed?

A

Vitamin B12

64
Q

How many hours does it take for the contents of the stomach to be emptied into the duodenum after eating a meal?

A

2 to 4 hours

65
Q

What foods empty the fastest from the stomach?

A

Carbohydrates and high-protein foods

66
Q

What foods remain longest in the stomach?

A

Foods with high triglyceride content

67
Q

What is the typical length of digestion from start to finish?

A

24 to 72 hours

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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