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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the support structure of the body?

A

Skeletal system

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2
Q

What is another name for “bone”?

A

Osseous tissue

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3
Q

What is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton?

A

Bone

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4
Q

What is a semi-rigid form of connective tissue that provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? It is found in areas of the skeleton where bones move.

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection (or internal organs)
  4. Production of blood cells
  5. Storage and release of minerals and fat
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6
Q

What ions are essential for muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses?

A

Calcium ions

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7
Q

True or False. Bone also serves as a site for fat storage and blood cell production.

A

True

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8
Q

What marrow contains adipose tissue which stores triglycerides that can serve as a source of energy?

A

Yellow marrow

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9
Q

In what marrow does hematopoiesis takes place?

A

Red marrow

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10
Q

Enumerate the 5 bone classifications.

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sesamoid bones
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11
Q

What type of bones function sa levers, move when muscles contract, and can be found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radiua); legs (femur, tibia, fibula); fingers (metacarpals, phalanges); and toes (metatarsals, phalanges)?

A

Long Bones

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12
Q

What cube-like bones can be found in the carpals of the wrists and tarsals of the ankles and provide stability and support?

A

Short bones

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13
Q

What are typically thin and curved bones found in the cranium, scapulae, sternum, and rubs and serves as points of attachment for muscles along with protecting internal organs?

A

Flat bones

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14
Q

What bones do not have an easily characterized shape and therefore do not fit any other classification? Some examples include the vertebrae and facial bones containing the sinuses.

A

Irregular bones

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15
Q

What is a small, round bone that is shaped like a sesame seed and is formed in tendons where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. It protects tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. An example would be the patellae.

A

Sesamoid bones

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16
Q

What is the names of the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone? It has a hollow region filled with yellow marrow and its walls are composed of dense and hard compact bone.

A

Diaphysis

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17
Q

What is the name of the wider section found at the end of each bone? It is filled with spongy bone and red marrow fills the spaces in this spongy bone.

A

Epiphysis

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18
Q

What is the name of the structure where the epiphysis meets the diaphysis? It is a narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth place).

A

Metaphysis

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19
Q

What is a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage found in a growing bone called?

A

Epiphyseal plate or growth plate

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20
Q

What is the name of the hollow region of the diaphysis which is filled with yellow marrow?

A

Medullary cavity

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21
Q

What is the name of the delicate membranous lining of the medullary cavity where bone growth, repair and remodeling occur?

A

Endosteum

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22
Q

What is the name of the fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone? It contains blood vessels nerves and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. It is also where tendons and ligaments also attach.

A

Periosteum

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23
Q

What is a spongy bone found in flat bones (like in the cranium) and is lined on either side by a layer of compact bone?

A

Diploe

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24
Q

What term refers to “where two bones meet” such as the knee joint?

A

Articulations

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25
Q

What refers to a “prominent rounded surface” of the bone such as the head of the femur?

A

Head

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26
Q

What refers to a “flat surface” such as a vertebrae?

A

Facet

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27
Q

What refers to the “rounded surface” of a bone typically found at the end of a bone?

A

Condyle

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28
Q

What are raised markings of a bone called? An example would be the spinous process of the vertebrae.

A

Projections

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29
Q

What refers to a “protruding” bone such as the chin?

A

Protuberance

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30
Q

What refers to a “prominent feature” of a bone such as the transverse process of a vertebra?

A

Process

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31
Q

What refers to a “sharp process” of a bone?

A

Spine

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32
Q

What refers to a small, rounded process of a bone such as can be found in the humerus?

A

Tubercle

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33
Q

What refers to a rough surface of a bone, such as can be found in the deltoid?

A

Tuberosity

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34
Q

What refers to a slight, elongated ridge in the bone, such as can be found in the temporal lines of the parietal bones?

A

Line

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35
Q

What refers to a ridge in the bone?

A

Crest

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36
Q

What refers to holes of depressions in the bone such as can be found in the foramen (holes through which blood vessels pass)?

A

Holes

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37
Q

What refers to an elongated basin in the bone, such as can be found in the mandibular fossa?

A

Fossa

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38
Q

What refers to a small pit in the bone as can be found in the fovea capitis on the head of the femur?

A

Fovea

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39
Q

What refers to a groove in the bone as can be found in the sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones?

A

Sulcus

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40
Q

What refers to a passage in the bone, such as can be found in the auditory canal?

A

Canal

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41
Q

What refers to a slit through the bone?

A

Fissure

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42
Q

What refers to a hole through the bone?

A

Foramen

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43
Q

What refers to an opening into a canal such as the external auditory meatus?

A

Meatus

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44
Q

What refers to an air-filled space in the bone?

A

Sinus

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45
Q

What gives bones their hardness and strength and what is this substance made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals made of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

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46
Q

What gives bones their flexibility?

A

Collagen fibers

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46
Q

What gives bones their flexibility?

A

Collagen fibers

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47
Q

Enumerate the 4 types of cells found within the bone tissue.

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteogenic cells
  4. Osteoclasts
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48
Q

What bone cell is responsible for forming new bone? It is found in the growing portions of the bone and do not divide, instead synthesizing and secreting collagen matrix and calcium salts.

A

Osteoblast

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49
Q

What bone cell is the primary cell of mature bone, the most common type of bone cell, and is located in a space called a lacuna?

A

Osteocyte

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50
Q

What are the channels within the bone matrix called?

A

Canaliculi

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51
Q

What are the only type of bone cells that divide? Immature cells are found in the deep layers of the periosteum and marrow. They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

A

Osteogenic cells

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52
Q

What bone cells are responsible for bone resorption or breakdown? They are found on bone surfaces, are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages.

A

Osteoclasts

53
Q

What type of bone is denser and stronger and can withstand compressive forces? It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphysis of long bones. It also provides support and protection.

A

Compact bone

54
Q

What is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone called?

A

Osteon or Haversian system.

55
Q

What do you call the concentric rings of calcified matrix that makes up the osteon?

A

Lamellae (singular = lamella)

56
Q

What is the name of the canal that runs down the center of each osteon and which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?

A

Central canal or Haversian canal

57
Q

The vessels and nerves from the Haversian canal branch off at right angles to go through which canal? This is so they can reach the periosteum and endosteum.

A

Perforating canal or Volkmann’s canal

58
Q

What is another name for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous bone

59
Q

What is another name for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous bone

60
Q

What is the lattice-like network of matrix spikes found in spongy bone where lacunae and osteocytes are found?

A

Trabeculae

61
Q

Why do trabeculae form along lines of stress?

A

To provide strength to the bone

62
Q

What is the purpose of the spaces in spongy bone?

A

To provide balance to the dense and heavy compact bone, making bones lighter so muscles can move them more easily.

63
Q

What is the name of the small openings in the diaphysis where arteries enter for blood and nerve supply to the bone?

A

Nutrient foramen

64
Q

When does the actual process of bone development (ossification or osteogenesis) begin in the embyronic life?

A

Sixth or seventh week

65
Q

What is used as a replacement tissue for bone and is the model tissue on which to lay down the mineral matrix of bone while the embryo is still developing? It is the most common template for skeletal development

A

Cartilage

66
Q

Cartilage has no blood vessels supplying nutrients and removing metabolic wastes. This means cartilage is _________.

A

Avascular

67
Q

What is the process that develops compact and spongy bone from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue?

A

Intramembranous ossification

68
Q

What bones are formed via intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Flat bones of the face
  2. Most of the cranial bones
  3. Clavicles
69
Q

What are the last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the face

69
Q

What are the last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the face

70
Q

What type of bone development has bones developing by replaing hyaline cartilage? It takes much longer than intramembranous ossification.

A

Endochondral ossification

71
Q

What bones are formed via endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Bones at the base of the skull

2. Long bones

72
Q

What is the area of growth in a long bone? It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bone.

A

Epiphyseal plate

73
Q

What happens to the cartilage on the diaphyseal side while the bone is growing?

A

The cartilage ossifies and the diaphysis grows in length.

74
Q

Enumerate the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate.

A
  1. Reserve zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
  4. Zone of calcified matrix
75
Q

What growth plate zone is the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate? It contains small chondrocytes within the matrix and does not participate in bone growth but secures the epiphyseal plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis.

A

Reserve zone

76
Q

What growth plate zone makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate?

A

Proliferative zone

77
Q

In what growth plate zone do chondrocytes made in the proliferative zone mature?

A

Zone of maturation and hypertrophy

78
Q

In what growth plate zone are most chondrocytes dead because the matrix around them has calcified? It also connects the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis.

A

Zone of calcified matrix

79
Q

How does a bone grow in length?

A

When osseus tissue is added to the diaphysis.

80
Q

What is it called when bones grow in diameter even after longitudinal growth ceases?

A

Appositional growth

81
Q

What process is it when there is erosion of old bone along the medullary cavity and deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum? It not only increases the diameter of the diaphysis but also increases the diameter of the medullary cavity.

A

Modeling

82
Q

What is the process in which the bone matrix is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another? Injury, exercise and other activities lead to this process.

A

Bone remodeling

83
Q

What is the term for a broken bone?

A

Fracture

84
Q

True or False. A broken bone will not heal unless a physician resets it in its anatomical position.

A

False. A fracture will heal whether or not a physician resets it in its anatomical position. If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the bone in its deformed position.

85
Q

This is what happens when a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery.

A

Closed reduction

86
Q

What is a type of fracture that requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone?

A

Open reduction

87
Q

What type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of the bone?

A

Transverse fracture

88
Q

What type of fracture occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees?

A

Oblique

89
Q

What is a type of fracture where bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion?

A

Spiral

90
Q

What is a type of fracture where several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments?

A

Comminuted

91
Q

What is a type of fracture where one fragment is driven into another, usually as a result of compression?

A

Impacted

92
Q

What is a partial tyep of fracture where only one side of the bone is broken?

A

Greenstick

93
Q

What is a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin? It carries a high risk of infection.

A

Open fracture

94
Q

What is a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin? It carries a high risk of infection.

A

Open fracture

95
Q

What is another name for an open fracture?

A

Compound fracture

96
Q

What is another name for an open fracture?

A

Compound fracture

97
Q

What is a fracture in which the skin remains intact?

A

Closed fracture

98
Q

What is a fracture in which the skin remains intact?

A

Closed fracture

99
Q

What is another name for a closed fracture?

A

Simple fracture

100
Q

What is another name for a closed fracture?

A

Simple fracture

101
Q

What is the blood that has clotted about 8 to 8 hours after a fracture called?

A

Fracture hematoma

102
Q

What is the blood that has clotted about 8 to 8 hours after a fracture called?

A

Fracture hematoma

103
Q

Blood flow to bone cells around the fracture is disrupted when a fracture happens. What happens to the bone cells?

A

They die.

104
Q

What are created 48 hours after a fracture? One of them secretes fibrocartilaginous matrix between the two ends of the broken bone while the other stabilizes the fracture with hyaline cartilage and bone outside the break.

A

Internal and external callus

105
Q

True or false. Lack of mechanical stress causes bones to lose mineral salts and collagen fibers, and thus strength.

A

True

106
Q

What is a critical component of bone, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate?

A

Calcium

107
Q

True or false. The body obtains calcium from our diet and automatically absorbs it via the small intestine.

A

False. Calcium cannot be be absorbed from the small intestine without vitamin D.

107
Q

True or false. The body obtains calcium from our diet and automatically absorbs it via the small intestine.

A

False. Calcium cannot be be absorbed from the small intestine without vitamin D.

108
Q

True or false. Sunlight triggers the body to produce its own vitamin D.

A

True. Vitamin D is ingested through food and supplements but is manufactures in the skin after the absorption of sunlight.

108
Q

True or false. Sunlight triggers the body to produce its own vitamin D.

A

True. Vitamin D is ingested through food and supplements but is manufactures in the skin after the absorption of sunlight.

109
Q

What vitamin supports bone mineralization and helps in the regulation of bone growth?

A

Vitamin K

110
Q

What element is is present in more than 60% of the skeleton, suggesting it plays a role in the structure of bone?

A

Magnesium

111
Q

What element helps stabilize and strengthen bone mineral? It enters spaces within hydroxyapatite crystals, thus increasing their density.

A

Fluoride

112
Q

What helps reduce inflammation in various parts of the body?

A

Omega-3 fatty acids

113
Q

What hormone produced in the pituitary gland enhances mineralization and improves bone density?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

114
Q

What hormone secreted by the thyroid gland promotes osteoblastic activity and synthesis of bone matrix?

A

Thyroxine

115
Q

These two hormonws promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix. They are also responsible for the growth spurt.

A

Estrogen & testosterone

116
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D produced in the kidneys that stimulatesthe absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract?

A

Calcitriol

117
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoclast proliferation and activity and promotes the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

117
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoclast proliferation and activity and promotes the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

118
Q

What horomone inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by the bones, reducing concentration of calcium ions in the blood?

A

Calcitonin

119
Q

What horomone inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by the bones, reducing concentration of calcium ions in the blood?

A

Calcitonin

120
Q

What is the normal level of calcium in the blood?

A

10 mg/dl

121
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in bone and in the human body?

A

Calcium

122
Q

What is the condition where the body has abnormally low levels of calcium? This results in blood having difficulty coagulating, the heart skipping beats or stopping altogether, muscles having difficulty contracting, nerves having difficulty functioning and bones becoming brittle.

A

Hypocalcemia

122
Q

What is the condition where the body has abnormally low levels of calcium? This results in blood having difficulty coagulating, the heart skipping beats or stopping altogether, muscles having difficulty contracting, nerves having difficulty functioning and bones becoming brittle.

A

Hypocalcemia

123
Q

What is the condition where there is abnormally high levels of calcium resulting in the nervous system becoming underactive leading to lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation and loss of appetite, confusion, and in sever cases, coma.

A

Hypercalcemia

124
Q

What act as storage sites for calcium?

A

Bones

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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