Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
What system only uses the chemical type of signaling and is usually slow acting, taking care of homeostasis and reproduction?
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
What is transported primarily via bloodstream and bind to receptors on target cells? They are also less specific than neural signaling.
A
Hormones
3
Q
What are ductless glands whose primary function is to secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding fluid?
A
Endocrine gland
4
Q
What system uses glands to release their secretions through ducts (ex. sebaceous and sweat glands)?
A
Exocrine system
5
Q
What type of signaling happens when hormones are secreted into the extracellular fluid, diffuse into the body or lymph, and then travel great distances throughout the body?
A
Endocrine signaling
6
Q
What type of signaling takes place within the same cell; chemical elicits a respose in the same cell that secreted it (ex. interleukin-1 or IL-1: inflammatory response)?
A
Autocrine signaling
7
Q
What is a local intercellular type of communication where a chemical induces a response in neighboring cells?
A
Paracrine signaling
8
Q
Enumerate the 5 roles of hormones.
A
- human reproduction
- growth and development of body tissues (growth spurt)
- metabolism
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- sleep
9
Q
What are the two major groups of hormones on the basis of chemical structures?
A
- Amino acids
2. Lipids
10
Q
What hormones make up the amino acid group?
A
- Amines
- Peptides
- Proteins
11
Q
What hormones make up the lipid group?
A
Steroids
12
Q
What type of hormone is derived from the modification of single amino acids and is dervied from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine?
A
Amine hormones
13
Q
Enumerate the organs that compose of the endocrine system.
A
- Pineal gland
- Thalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Uterus
- Ovaries
- Testes
14
Q
What amino acid is the basis for thyroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine?
A
Tyrosine
15
Q
What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and helps regulate the circadian rhythm?
A
Melatonin
16
Q
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla and plays a role in the fight-or-flight response?
A
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
17
Q
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine also known as?
A
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
18
Q
What hormone is produced in greater quantities in the adrenal medulla (4:1) and is the more powerful hormone over norepinephrine?
A
Epinephrine
19
Q
What is the chemical classification of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A
Catecholamines
20
Q
What hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of certain anterior pituitary hormones?
A
Dopamine
21
Q
What is a protein-based hormone that promotes the growth of body tissues and is produced by the anterior pituitary?
A
Growth hormone (GH)
22
Q
What is a peptide-based hormones that promotes milk production and is produced by the anterior pituitary?
A
Prolactin (PRL)
23
Q
What is a glycoprotein-based hormone that stimulates thyroid hormone release and is produced in the anterior pituitary?
A
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
24
Q
What is a peptide-based hormone that stimulates hormone release by the adrenal cortex and is produced by the anterior pituitary?
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
25
What is a glycoprotein-based hormone that stimulates gamete (or sex cell) production and is produced in the anterior pituitary?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
25
What is a glycoprotein-based hormone that stimulates gamete (or sex cell) production and is produced in the anterior pituitary?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
26
What is a glycoprotein-based hormone that stimulates androgen (male hormone) production by gonads and is produced in the anterior pituitary?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
26
What is a glycoprotein-based hormone that stimulates androgen (male hormone) production by gonads and is produced in the anterior pituitary?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
27
What is a peptide-based hormone that stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys and is produced by the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
28
What peptide-based hormone stiulates uterine contractions during childbirth and is produced by the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin
29
What are two amine-based hormones that stimulate basal metabolic rate (energy used while body is at rest) and are produced in the thyroid?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
30
What is a peptide-based hormone that reduces blood calcium ion levels and is produced in the thyroid?
Calcitonin
31
What is a peptide-based hormone that increases blood calcium ion levels and is produced in the parathyroid?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
32
What is a steroid-based hormone that increases blood sodium ion levels and is produced in the adrenal cortex? It deals with osmoregulation.
Aldosterone
33
What steroid-based hormones increase blood glucose levels and are produced in the adrenal cortex? They also deal with metabolism.
Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
34
What amine-based hormones stimulate the fight-or-flight response and are produced in the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
35
What amine-based hormone regulates sleep cycles and is produced in the pineal gland?
Melatonin
36
What protein-based hormone reduces blood glucose levels and is produced in the pancreas?
Insulin
37
What protein-based hormone increases blood glucose levels and is produced in the pancreas?
Glucagon
38
What steroid-based hormone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production and is produced by the testes?
Testosterone
39
What steroid-based hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for childbirth? They are produced in the ovaries.
Estrogens and progesterone
40
What type of hormones consist of short chains of amino acids (ex. antidiuretic hormone or ADH)?
Peptide hormones
41
What type of peptide hormone is produced by the heart and helps to decrease blood pressure?
Atrial-natriuretic peptide
42
What type of hormones are made of longer polypeptides (ex. growth hormone)?
Protein hormones
43
What type of hormones are derived from lipid cholesterol (ex. testosterone and estrogens)? They are not soluble in water (hydrophobic).
Steroid hormones
44
What refers to the time required for half the concentration of the hormone to be degraded?
Half-life
45
What must steriod hormones do to arrive at their target cell?
Because blood is water-based, steriod hormones must travel to their target cell bound to a transport protein.
46
List the pathways of hormone action.
Hormone - hormone receptor - process the message - initiating other signaling events or cellular mechanisms - target cell's response
47
What is the "command center" of the endocrine system? It coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous systems.
Hypothalamus-pituitary complex
48
What part of the brain is located in the diencephalon, located anterior and inferior to the thalamus, and has both neural and endocrine functions? It is a bean-sized organ.
Hypothalamus
49
What gland is cradled within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and consists of a posterior and anterior lobe?
Pituitary gland
50
What is another name for the posterior pituitary? It is a neural tissue.
Neurohypophysis
51
What is another name for the anterior pituitary? It is a glandular tissue that develops from the primitive digestive tract.
Adenohypophysis
52
Explain what oxytocin does during pregnancy.
* stimulates uterine contractions
* dilates the cervix
* toward the end of pregnancy, oxytocin receptors in the uterus increases and the smooth muscles of the uterus become more sensitive to its effects.
* Cervical stretching signals for additional oxytocin from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland releases it.
53
What type of feedback mechanism happens when oxytocin is released?
Positive feedback mechanism
54
What hormone is necessary for the milk ejection reflex ("let-down") in breastfeeding, contributes to parent-newborn bonding known as attachement, and is involved in feelings of love and closeness as well as sexual response?
Oxytocin
55
Explain the milk let down reflex.
newborn begins suckling - sensory receptors in nipples - hypothalamus - oxytocin is secreted and released into the bloodstream - cells in the mother's milk ducts contract - ejects milk into the infant's mouth
56
What is another name for the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Vasopressin
57
What is the name of specialized cells within the hypothalamus that are sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes in the blood?
Osmoreceptors
58
What are the target cells of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Tubular cells of the kidneys
59
What type of feedback loop does ADH trigger?
Negative feedback loop
60
What are some conditions that present high blood osmolarity?
1. During dehydration
| 2. Following a very salty meal
61
What refer to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals - such as sodium and other electrolytes - in your serum? A higher concentration means you have more particles in your serum while a lower concentraton means the particles are more diluted.
Blood osmolality
62
What are the effects of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin?
1. incease epithelial permeability of tubular kidney cells to water
2. Increase water reabsorption in body
3. Increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels
63
What conditions can affect the way ADH works in your body?
1. Alcohol consumption - inhibits release of ADH - increased urine production - dehydration and a hangover
2. Diabetes insipidus - chronic underproduction of ADH - chronic dehydration - patients feel thirsty and constantly drink water - electrolyte imbalances can occur
64
What part of the pituitary gland does not synthesize hormones but merely stores them?
Posterior pituitary
65
What are the three regions of the anterior pituitary?
1. Pars distalis: most anterior
2. Pars intermedia: adjacent to the posterior pituitary
3. Pars tuberalis: a slender "tube" that wraps the infundibulum
66
What are two types of hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary and where do they come from?
The releasing hormone and inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus.
67
What is a bridge that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? It allows hypothalamic hormones to enter the anterior pituitary without entering the systemic circulation and originates from the superior hypohyseal artery.
Infundibulum
68
Enumerate the 7 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
5. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6. Beta endorphin
7. Prolactin
69
Enumerate the 4 anterior pituitary hormones that are referred to as "tropic hormones" because they turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands.
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
70
What is another name for the protein-based growth hormone (GH)?
Somatotropin
71
What is the primary function of the growth hormone (GH)?
Anabolic; it promotes protein synthesis, tissue building, and cellular replication.
72
What protein-based growth factor enhances cellular proliferation and inhibits apoptosis or programmed cell death?
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
73
Enumerate the 3 effects of the growth hormone (GH).
1. Glucose-sparing effect - stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects
2. Growth effects - increases uptake of amino acids from the blood; enhances cellular proliferation and reduces apoptosis.
3. Diabetogenic effect - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose, fueling growth effects.
74
What inhibits the release of growth hormones (GH)?
High IGF-1 levels produced by the liver
75
Enumerate 3 disorders related to the growth hormone (GH) and explain them.
1. Gigantism - disorder in children; secretion of abnormally large amounts of GH results in excessive growth.
2. Acromegaly - adult disorder; growth of bones in the face, hands, and feet due to excessive levels of GH
3. Pituitary dwarfism - abnormally low levels of GH in children; growth impairment
76
What is another name for the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Thyrotropin
77
What is the primary function of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
To regulate the activity of the thyroid gland.
78
What is another name for the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Corticotropin
78
What is another name for the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Corticotropin
79
What is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to scerete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol; also involved in stress response.
80
What hormone initiates puberty by stimulating the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
81
What is the name of the hormone that regulates the function of the gonads?
Gonadotropins
82
What hormone stimulates production and maturation of sex cells or gametes and promotes follicular growth which then release estrogens in the female ovaries?
Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
83
What hormone triggers ovulation in women, production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries, and stimulates production of testosterone by the male testes?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
84
What hormone promotes lactation, development of mammary gkands during pregnancy, and stimulates mammary glands to produce breast milk after birth?
Prolactin
85
What is another name of the prolactin-inhibiting hormone that prevents prolactin secretion in non-pregnant women?
Dopamine
86
What hormone is released by the intermediate pituitary?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
87
What is the function of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
It is responsible for melanin production in response to UV light exposure. It is capable of darkening the skin by inducing melanin production in the skin's melanocytes.
88
What is a butterfly-shaped organ located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx?
The thyroid gland
89
What is the medial region of the thyroid gland called? It is flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes.
Isthmus
90
The central cavity of thyroid follicles contain a sticky fluid called _______. It is the center of thyroid hormone production.
Colloid
91
What hormones are produced in the colloid of the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
92
What element is thyroid hormone production dependent on?
Iodine
93
What hormones regulates the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
94
What type of feedback system regulates the levels of TRH, TSH, T3, and T4?
Negative feedback system
95
What are the effects of T3 and T4 on the body?
1. Increased metabolic rate of body cells
| 2. Rise in body temperature (calorigenic effect)
96
What hormone is required for protein synthesis and for fetal and childhood tissue development and growth?
Thyroid hormones
97
What hormone increases the body's sensitivity to catecholamins (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from the adrenal medulla and accelerates the heart rate, strengthens the heart beat and increases blood pressure?
Thyroid hormones
98
What thyroid gland hormone is produced by parafollicular cells (C cells) that stud the tissue between distinct follicles? It's main function is to decrease levels of blood calcium.
Calcitonin
99
What are tiny round structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?
Parathyroid glands
100
What are the primary functional cells of the parathyroid glands called?
Chief cells
101
What major hormone is involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone
102
What steroid hormone is the active form of vitamin D and is produced in the kidneys?
Calcitriol
103
What condition is a result of overproduction of the parathyroid hormone that results in excessive calcium reabsorption from bone? It significantly decreases bone density, leading to spontaneous fractures or deformities.
Hyperparathyroidism
104
What condition has abnormally low blood calcium levels resulting in muscle twitching, cramping, spasms, or convulsions? Severe deficits can paralyze muscles, including those involved in breathing, and can be fatal.
Hypoparathyroidism
104
What condition has abnormally low blood calcium levels resulting in muscle twitching, cramping, spasms, or convulsions? Severe deficits can paralyze muscles, including those involved in breathing, and can be fatal.
Hypoparathyroidism
105
What are wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue found on top of the kidneys? It consists of an outer cortex of glandular tissue and an inner medulla of nervous tissue.
Adrenal glands
106
Enumerate the 3 cortical zones of the adrenal glands.
1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
107
What hormones are released from the Zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
108
What hormones are released from the Zona fasciculata?
Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
109
What hormones are released from the Zona reticularis?
Dehydroepiandrosterone
110
What part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation?
Adrenal cortex
111
What hormone does the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulate from the pituitary so that it can, in turn, stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
112
What is an extension of the autonomic nervous system, secretes the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, and whose major function is to respond to stress?
Adrenal medulla
113
What is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and what happens in this stage?
Alarm Reaction
- short-term stress
- fight-or-flight response
- mediated by the epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Function: prepare the body for extreme physical extertion
114
What is the second stage of GAS?
Stage of Resistance
| - if stress is not relieved soon, body adapts to stress
115
What is the third and last stage of GAS?
Stage of Exhaustion
| - Patient begins to suffer depression, the suppression of their immune response, severe fatugue, or a fatal heart attack
116
What is the most superficial region of the adrenal cortex? It produces mineralcorticoids, which are essential for fluid and electrolyte balance.
Zona Glomerulosa
117
What hormone is a major mineralcorticoid in charge of regulation of sodium and potassium ions in urine, sweat, and saliva and increases the excretion of potassium and retention of sodium? This results in an increase in blood volume and blood pressure.
Aldosterone
118
This hormone has 3 major funtions:
1. Initiate vasoconstriction, decreasing blood flow
2. Stimulating kidney tubules to reabsorb NaCl and water, increasing blood volume.
3. Signaling the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which contribute to fluid retention, restoring blood pressure and volume.
Angiotensin II
119
What is the intermediate region of the adrenal glands that produce glucocorticoids, which have a role in glucose metabolism? One of its main functions is to inhibit tissue building while stimulating the breakdown of stored nutrients to maintain adequate fuel supplies.
Zona fasciculata
120
What is the deepest region of the adrenal glands and produces steroid sex hormones called androgens? These are converted in the tissues to testosterone or estrogens.
Zona Reticularis
121
What part of the adrenal gland releases its hormones in response to acute, short-term stress mediated by the sympathetic nervous system? It is also composed of large and irregularly shaped chromaffin cells.
Adrenal medulla
122
What part of the adrenal gland releases hormones that results in increased blood glucose levels; increased heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure; vasodilation, raising blood oxygen levels, and vasoconstriction to less essential organs?
Adrenal medulla
123
What disorder involves high blood glucose levels, accumulation of lipid deposits on the face and neck, and is caused by hypersecretion of cortisol caused by a pituitary tumor? Common signs of this disease are a moon-faced shape, a buffalo hump on the back of the neck, rapid weight gain, and hair loss.
Cushing's disease
124
What disorder is caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids and results in low blood glucose and sodium levels? Patients suffer general weakness, abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and cravings for salty food.
Addison's disease
125
What gland is situated inferior but somewhat posterior to the thalamus and produces and secretes the amine hormone melatonin? It is made up of pinealocyte cells.
Pineal gland
126
What steroid hormone is the primary hormone produced by the male testes and is involved in the development of the male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics and maturation of sperm cells?
Testosterone
127
What are the primary hormones produced by the ovaries and include the hormones estradiol, estriol, and estrone? It is concerned with the development of the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics as well as the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Estrogen
128
What hormone deals with the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy and maintaining pregnancy?
Progesterone
129
What hormone produced by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles and in the testes inhibits the secretion of FSH?
Inhibin
130
What hormone is produced in the placenta and promotes progesterone synthesis while also reducing the mother's immune function to protect the fetus from immune rejection?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
131
What hormone produced in the placents prepared the breasts for lactation?
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
132
What hormone produced in the placenta helps soften and widen the pubic symphysis in preparation for childbirth?
Relaxin
133
What is a long, slender organ located in the posterior to bottom half of the stomach that secretes a variety of digestive enzymes but also has an endocine function?
Pancreas
134
What are clusters of cells formerly known as islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon, insulin, somatostatim, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)?
Pancreatic islets
135
What cell in the pancreatic islets produces the hormone glucagon, which regulates blood glucose levels, and makes up approximately 20% of each islet?
Alpha cell
136
What cell in the pancreatic islets produces the hormone insulin, which is released when blood glucose levels are high, and makes up approx. 75 percent of each islet?
Beta cell
137
What makes up 4% of the pancreatic islets and secretes the hormone somatostatin which inhibits the release of both glucagon and insulin?
Delta cell
138
What makes up 1% of islet cells and secretes the pancreatic polypeptide hormone which plays a role in appetite, regulates pancreatic exocrine and endocrine secretions, and reduces further food consumption?
PP cell
139
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What hormone has the following effects:
1. glycogenolysis
2. gluconeogenesis
3. lipolysis
All of which work together to increase blood glucose levels.
```
Glucagon
140
What hormone facilitates the uptake of glucose into body cells?
Insulin
141
True or False: RBCs as well as brain, liver, kidney cells and the cells lining the small intestine do not have insulin receptors on their cell membranes.
True
142
What cells are the primary targets of insulin?
Skeletal muscle cells and adipose cells
143
Enumerate the 4 pancreatic hormones and their associated cells.
1. Insulin (beta cells)
2. Glucagon (alpha cells)
3. Somatostatin (delta cells)
4. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)
144
Enumerate the 8 organs that have secondary endocrine functions.
1. Heart
2. Gastrointestinal tract
3. Kidneys
4. Skeleton
5. Adipose tissue
6. Skin
7. Thymus
8. Liver
145
What peptide-based hormone does the heart secrete?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
146
What does the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone do?
Decreases blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels
147
What hormones are released from the GI tract?
1. Gastrin
2. Secretin
3. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
148
What GI Tract hormone is secreted by the stomach cells in response to stomach distention and stimulates the release of HCl acid?
Gastrin
149
What GI Tract hormone is secreted by the small intestine as acidic chyme (partially digested food and fluid) moves from the stomach? It stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas, which buffers the acidic chyme, and ihibits the further secretion of HCl acid by the stomach.
Secretin
150
What GI Tract hormones is released from the small intestine and promotes the secretion of pancreatic enzymes while also releasing bile from the gallbladder, both of which facilitate digestion?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
151
What hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood flow to the kidneys? It triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system, stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and water and increasing blood flow and pressure.
Renin
152
What hormone produced in the kidneys also helps regulate blood calcium levels and is released in response to the secretion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Calcitriol
153
What hormone produced in the kidneys is released in response to low oxygen levels? This hormone stimulates the production of RBCs in the bone marrow, increasing oxygen delivery to tissues.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
154
What are 2 hormones produced by the skeleton?
1. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)
| 2. Osteocalcin
155
What two hormones are produced in the adipose tissue?
1. Leptin
| 2. Adiponectin
156
What hormone produced by the adipose tissue reduces appetite and regulates bone metabolism?
Leptin
