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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone and Respiratory zone

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2
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Passage of air only

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3
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the visible external portion of the conducting zone?

A

Nose

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5
Q

What is the name of the interior part of the nose that is divided at midline by the nasal septum?

A

Nasal cavity

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6
Q

Enumerate the 3 internal divisions of the nose.

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Olfactory portion
  3. Respiratory region
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7
Q

What part of the internal nose is located in the lower dilated portion and has hairs to serve as filters?

A

Vestibule

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8
Q

What part of the internal nose extends from the superior nasal conchae upwards and is involved in the perception of smell?

A

Olfactory portion

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9
Q

What part of the internal nose is located in the middle and inferior concha and has modifications that aid respiration?

A

Respiratory region

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10
Q

What are thin-walled veins that warm the incoming air?

A

Venous sinuses

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11
Q

What is secreted by mucosal glands, moistens the air, and traps incoming bacteria and foreign bodies?

A

Mucus

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12
Q

Small hairs in the epithelium that moves the blanket of mucus towards the pharynx.

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Increases the surface area of the mucosa.

A

Nasal conchae

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14
Q

Refers to mucus that moves to the back of the throat

A

Post-nasal drip

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15
Q

Muscular passageway that serves as common passage for food and air; extends from base of skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage.

A

Pharynx (throat)

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16
Q

Enumerate the 3 levels of the pharynx.

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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17
Q

Located above the level of the soft palate and communicates with the nasal cavity and internal nares.

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

Region from soft palate to level of esophagus.

A

Oropharynx

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19
Q

What part of the pharynx is located from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage?

A

Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

What is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx, connects the pharynx to the trachea, and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs?

A

Larynx (voice box)

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21
Q

Enumerate the 3 large cartilage pieces of the larynx.

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (anterior)
  2. Epiglottis (superior)
  3. Cricoid cartilage (inferior)
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22
Q

Enumerate the 3 smaller paired cartilages of the larynx.

A
  1. Arytenoids
  2. Corniculates
  3. Cuneiforms
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23
Q

What extends from the larynx to the lungs and is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage connected by a dense connective tissue?

A

Trachea (windpipe)

24
Q

What is a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages? It is composed of trachealis muscle and elastic connective tissue.

A

Fibroelastic membrane

25
What type of epithelium lines the trachea and most of the respiratory passages?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
26
What is a part of the larynx that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage? Its function is to cover the trachea.
Epiglottis
27
Enumerate the bronchial tree from largest to smallest diameter.
Trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchiole > terminal bronchiole
28
How many lobes are on the right and left lung?
``` 3 lobes (right lung) 2 lobes (left lung) ```
29
Where does actual gas exchange take place?
Alveolar ducts
30
Enumerate the 2 layers of the pleural cavity.
1. Visceral | 2. Parietal
31
What is the inner layer of the pleural cavity?
Visceral layer
32
What is the outer layer of the pleural cavity?
Parietal layer
33
What type of transport is involved in gas exchange?
Passive transport (simple diffusion)
34
Do all cells in the body have a lipid bilayer?
Yes
35
What are the 2 factors that allow for gas exchange?
1. Thin layer between capillary walls an alveoli | 2. Pressure differentials
36
What type of tissue makes up the respiratory bronchioles?
Cuboidal epithelium
37
What are long passages into which respiratory bronchioles open?
Alveolar ducts
38
What tissue lines alveolar ducts?
Simple squamous epithelium
39
Where do alveolar ducts open directly into?
Alveoli
40
What separates neighboring alveoli and consists of epithelial cells of each alveolus on both sides?
Interalveolar septa
41
What are air spaces that are surrounded by clusters of alveoli, lined by single layer cells, and has openings that communicate with other sacs?
Alveolar sacs
42
What are the 2 principal functions of the respiratory system?
1. Supplying O2 from atmospheric air for metabolism | 2. Removing excess CO2 from body
43
What are the 2 general conditions that respiration is dependent on?
1. Pressure differences | 2. Contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers of both diaphragm and thorax
44
What is the normal measurement of atmospheric pressure?
760 mmHg
45
What is the measurement of intrapleural pressure?
Always negative; -4 mmHg
46
What are the 2 stages of breathing?
1. Inspiration | 2. Expiration
47
Enumerate the percentages of atmospheric air.
Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Other gases (CO2, H2O) - 1%
48
What muscles are involved in contracting when inhaling?
1. Diaphragm 2. External intercostal muscles 3. Accessory inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scaleni, serrati anterior)
49
State the process of the mechanism of inspiration.
Contraction of inspiratory muscles > increase in chest volume > decrease of intrapleural pressure (more negative) > decrease in intrapulmonary pressure > air moves
50
True or false. A quiet expiration is passive.
True
51
What happens when the inspiratory muscles relax?
Diaphragm moves upwards, ribs move downwards
52
Enumerate the stages of mechanism of expiration.
Inspiratory muscles relax >
53
Enumerate the stages of mechanism of expiration.
Inspiratory muscles relax > chest size decreases > pressure in intrapleural space increases (less negative) > intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure > air moves from lungs to atmosphere
54
What are 2 important aspects of gas exchange?
1. Ventilation | 2. Perfusion
55
What gas law states that each specific gas in a mixture of gases exerts force/partial pressure independently of other gases in the mixture?
Dalton's law
56
What gas law states that the behavior of gases changes when it comes in contact with liquid?
Henry's law
57
What element in atmospheric air does not dissolve in blood at sea level?
Nitrogen

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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