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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone and Respiratory zone

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2
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Passage of air only

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3
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the visible external portion of the conducting zone?

A

Nose

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5
Q

What is the name of the interior part of the nose that is divided at midline by the nasal septum?

A

Nasal cavity

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6
Q

Enumerate the 3 internal divisions of the nose.

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Olfactory portion
  3. Respiratory region
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7
Q

What part of the internal nose is located in the lower dilated portion and has hairs to serve as filters?

A

Vestibule

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8
Q

What part of the internal nose extends from the superior nasal conchae upwards and is involved in the perception of smell?

A

Olfactory portion

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9
Q

What part of the internal nose is located in the middle and inferior concha and has modifications that aid respiration?

A

Respiratory region

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10
Q

What are thin-walled veins that warm the incoming air?

A

Venous sinuses

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11
Q

What is secreted by mucosal glands, moistens the air, and traps incoming bacteria and foreign bodies?

A

Mucus

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12
Q

Small hairs in the epithelium that moves the blanket of mucus towards the pharynx.

A

Cilia

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13
Q

Increases the surface area of the mucosa.

A

Nasal conchae

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14
Q

Refers to mucus that moves to the back of the throat

A

Post-nasal drip

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15
Q

Muscular passageway that serves as common passage for food and air; extends from base of skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage.

A

Pharynx (throat)

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16
Q

Enumerate the 3 levels of the pharynx.

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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17
Q

Located above the level of the soft palate and communicates with the nasal cavity and internal nares.

A

Nasopharynx

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18
Q

Region from soft palate to level of esophagus.

A

Oropharynx

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19
Q

What part of the pharynx is located from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage?

A

Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

What is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx, connects the pharynx to the trachea, and helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs?

A

Larynx (voice box)

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21
Q

Enumerate the 3 large cartilage pieces of the larynx.

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (anterior)
  2. Epiglottis (superior)
  3. Cricoid cartilage (inferior)
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22
Q

Enumerate the 3 smaller paired cartilages of the larynx.

A
  1. Arytenoids
  2. Corniculates
  3. Cuneiforms
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23
Q

What extends from the larynx to the lungs and is formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage connected by a dense connective tissue?

A

Trachea (windpipe)

24
Q

What is a flexible membrane that closes the posterior surface of the trachea, connecting the C-shaped cartilages? It is composed of trachealis muscle and elastic connective tissue.

A

Fibroelastic membrane

25
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea and most of the respiratory passages?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

26
Q

What is a part of the larynx that is attached to the thyroid cartilage and is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage? Its function is to cover the trachea.

A

Epiglottis

27
Q

Enumerate the bronchial tree from largest to smallest diameter.

A

Trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchiole > terminal bronchiole

28
Q

How many lobes are on the right and left lung?

A 
3 lobes (right lung)
2 lobes (left lung)
29
Q

Where does actual gas exchange take place?

A

Alveolar ducts

30
Q

Enumerate the 2 layers of the pleural cavity.

A
  1. Visceral

2. Parietal

31
Q

What is the inner layer of the pleural cavity?

A

Visceral layer

32
Q

What is the outer layer of the pleural cavity?

A

Parietal layer

33
Q

What type of transport is involved in gas exchange?

A

Passive transport (simple diffusion)

34
Q

Do all cells in the body have a lipid bilayer?

A

Yes

35
Q

What are the 2 factors that allow for gas exchange?

A
  1. Thin layer between capillary walls an alveoli

2. Pressure differentials

36
Q

What type of tissue makes up the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

37
Q

What are long passages into which respiratory bronchioles open?

A

Alveolar ducts

38
Q

What tissue lines alveolar ducts?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

39
Q

Where do alveolar ducts open directly into?

A

Alveoli

40
Q

What separates neighboring alveoli and consists of epithelial cells of each alveolus on both sides?

A

Interalveolar septa

41
Q

What are air spaces that are surrounded by clusters of alveoli, lined by single layer cells, and has openings that communicate with other sacs?

A

Alveolar sacs

42
Q

What are the 2 principal functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Supplying O2 from atmospheric air for metabolism

2. Removing excess CO2 from body

43
Q

What are the 2 general conditions that respiration is dependent on?

A
  1. Pressure differences

2. Contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers of both diaphragm and thorax

44
Q

What is the normal measurement of atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg

45
Q

What is the measurement of intrapleural pressure?

A

Always negative; -4 mmHg

46
Q

What are the 2 stages of breathing?

A
  1. Inspiration

2. Expiration

47
Q

Enumerate the percentages of atmospheric air.

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Other gases (CO2, H2O) - 1%

48
Q

What muscles are involved in contracting when inhaling?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External intercostal muscles
  3. Accessory inspiratory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scaleni, serrati anterior)
49
Q

State the process of the mechanism of inspiration.

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles > increase in chest volume > decrease of intrapleural pressure (more negative) > decrease in intrapulmonary pressure > air moves

50
Q

True or false. A quiet expiration is passive.

A

True

51
Q

What happens when the inspiratory muscles relax?

A

Diaphragm moves upwards, ribs move downwards

52
Q

Enumerate the stages of mechanism of expiration.

A

Inspiratory muscles relax >

53
Q

Enumerate the stages of mechanism of expiration.

A

Inspiratory muscles relax > chest size decreases > pressure in intrapleural space increases (less negative) > intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure > air moves from lungs to atmosphere

54
Q

What are 2 important aspects of gas exchange?

A
  1. Ventilation

2. Perfusion

55
Q

What gas law states that each specific gas in a mixture of gases exerts force/partial pressure independently of other gases in the mixture?

A

Dalton’s law

56
Q

What gas law states that the behavior of gases changes when it comes in contact with liquid?

A

Henry’s law

57
Q

What element in atmospheric air does not dissolve in blood at sea level?

A

Nitrogen

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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