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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

Tensions produced by muscle tone helps us maintain posture

A

True. Skeletal muscles are rarely completely relaxed or flaccid. In the relaxed state, there is no movement but is contracted to maintain a small amount of contractile protein.

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2
Q

What is decreased muscle tone caused by damage to CNS (ex. cerebellum or poliomyelitis)?

A

Hypotonia. Muscles have a flaccid appearance and there are functional impairments (ex. weak reflexes)

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3
Q

What is excessive muscle tone caused by damage to upper motor neurons in CNS?

A

Hypertonia. Accompanied by hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflex), muscle rigidity (ex. Parkinson’s disesase). Limb will snap back from passive stretching.

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4
Q

Enumerate the 3 types of muscle fibers.

A
  1. Slow Oxidative (SO) fibers
    - contract relatively slowly
    - use aerobic respiration (O2 and glucose) to produce ATP
  2. Fast Oxidative (FO) fibers
    - fast contractions
    - use aerobic respiration
    - may switch to anaerobic (glycolysis), can fatigue more quickly than SO fibers
  3. Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers
    - fast contractions
    - use glycolysis
    - fatigue more quickly than others
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5
Q

What muscles are self-exciteable, able to depolarize and fire action potentials on their own?

A

Cardiac muscles

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6
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

Increase in production of cells

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7
Q

What are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connects muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

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8
Q

What is the moveable end of the muscle or the distal attachment?

A

Insertion

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8
Q

What is the moveable end of the muscle or the distal attachment?

A

Insertion

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9
Q

What is the fixed (stabilized) end of muscles?

A

Origin

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10
Q

Enumerate the 4 roles of muscles.

A
  1. Prime mover/agonist
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixator
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11
Q

What is the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body; the principal muscle involved?

A

Prime mover/agonist

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12
Q

What is the muscle that opposes the action of another muscle; maintains body or limb position; and controls rapid movement or the ability to check the motion of a limb?

A

Antagonist

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13
Q

What is the muscle that opposes the action of another muscle; maintains body or limb position; and controls rapid movement or the ability to check the motion of a limb?

A

Antagonist

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14
Q

What complements the action of a prime mover, assists the prime mover, and increases the action of the prime mover?

A

Synergist

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15
Q

What muscle steadies proximal limbs through isometric contractions while movements are occurring in distal parts and stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin?

A

Fixator

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16
Q

What are 3 layers of connective tissue that covers the entire muscle?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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17
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers the muscle fascicle (a group of bundled muscle fibers)?

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers each muscle fiber cell?

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Enumerate the 6 muscle shape and fiber arrangements (note: BFPPCC).

A
  1. Belly
  2. Fusiform
  3. Parallel muscles
  4. Pennate muscles
  5. Circular muscles
  6. Convergent
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21
Q

What muscles have fascicles arranged in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle (ex: sartorius, tailor muscle, femoral area)?

A

Parallel muscles

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22
Q

What is a plump large mass of tissue in the middle of the muscle?

A

Belly

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23
Q

What is a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped (ex. the biceps brachii in the upper arm)?

A

Fusiform

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24
Q

What muscles increase the size of the opening when relaxed and shrink the size of the opening to the point of closure when contracting? (ex. orbicularis oris around mouth)

A

Circular muscles (sphincters)

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25
Q

What muscles have a widespread expansion over a sizeable area, but then the fascicles converge to a single, common attachment point (ex. pectoralis major)

A

Convergent muscles

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26
Q

What muscles are like a feather that blend into a tendon that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length, like the quill of a feather?

A

Pennate muscles

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27
Q

Enumerate the 3 types of pennate muscles.

A
  1. Unipennate
  2. Bipennate
  3. Multipennate
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28
Q

What is a muscle fascicle that is only on one side of the tendon (ex. extensor digitorum longus in the lower arm)?

A

Unipennate muscle

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29
Q

What is a muscle fascicle found on both sides of the tendon (ex. rectus femoris in the femur)?

A

Bipennate muscle

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30
Q

What is a muscle fascicle that wraps around the tendon (ex. deltoid muscle)?

A

Multipennate muscle

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31
Q

What is a narrow muscle with parallel fibers (ex. external oblique in the torso area)?

A

Flat muscles

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32
Q

What does the Latin prefix “ad” mean?

A

to; toward

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33
Q

What does the Latin prefix “ab” mean?

A

Away from

34
Q

What does the Latin prefix “sub” refer to?

A

Under

35
Q

What does the Latin word “ductor” refer to?

A

Something that moves

36
Q

What does the Latin word “anti” mean?

A

Against

37
Q

What does the Latin word “epi” mean?

A

On top of

38
Q

What does the Latin word “apo” mean?

A

To the side of

39
Q

What does the Latin word “longissimus” refer to?

A

Longest

40
Q

What does the Latin word “longus” mean?

A

Long

40
Q

What does the Latin word “longus” mean?

A

Long

41
Q

What does the Latin word “brevis” refer to?

A

Short

42
Q

What does the Latin word “maximus” refer to?

A

Large

43
Q

What does the Latin word “medius” refer to?

A

Medium

44
Q

What does the Latin word “minimus” refer to?

A

Tiny; little

45
Q

What does the Latin word “rectus” refer to?

A

Straight

46
Q

What does the Latin word “multi” refer to?

A

Many

47
Q

What does the Latin word “uni” refer to?

A

One

48
Q

What does the Latin word “bi/di” refer to?

A

Two

49
Q

What does the Latin word “tri” refer to?

A

Three

50
Q

What does the Latin word “quad” refer to?

A

Four

51
Q

What does the Latin word “externus” refer to?

A

Outside

52
Q

What does the Latin word “internus” refer to?

A

Inside

53
Q

What are the circular muscles around the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

54
Q

What is a circular muscle that closes the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

55
Q

What refers to the skull muscles that has two bellies (frontal and occipital) and moves the eyebrows?

A

Occipitofrontalis

56
Q

What connects the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis and moves your forehead?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

57
Q

What facial muscle is responsible for whistling, blowing, and sucking and is found below/behind the risorius muscle?

A

Buccinator muscle

58
Q

What muscle is the prime mover of the eyebrows?

A

Corrugator supercilii

59
Q

What muscle moves the chin?

A

Mentalis muscle

60
Q

What muscle is in charge of your “fake smile”?

A

Risorius muscle

61
Q

What muscle is in charge of your “true smile”?

A

Zygomaticus major muscle

62
Q

What muscle is parallel to the zygomatic major muscle?

A

Zygomaticus minor

63
Q

What muscle opens and closes the upper eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

64
Q

What eye muscle attaches to the trochlea and is responsible for moving the eye down and away from the nose?

A

Superior oblique

65
Q

What muscle moves the eye away from the nose?

A

Lateral rectus

66
Q

What muscle moves the eye towards the nose?

A

Medial rectus

67
Q

What muscle moves the eye up and away from the nose?

A

Inferior oblique

68
Q

What muscle moves the eye down and toward the nose?

A

Inferior rectus

69
Q

What eye muscles are NOT supplied by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and what nerve innervates them?

A

SOTLA

  1. Superior Oblique - Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  2. Lateral rectus - Abducens nerve (CN VI)
70
Q

Enumerate the muscles of masstication and where they are located.

A
  1. Masseter - located on the sides of maxilla (cheekbone area) and mandible
  2. Temporalis - overlying the temporal bone; convergence muscle; wide and fan shaped
  3. Lateral and Medial Pterygoid - internal; side of mandible; medial is bigger than lateral (horizontally placed beside cheekbone area)
71
Q

What muscles are located above the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid muscles

72
Q

Enumerate the suprahyoid muscles.

A
  1. Digastric
  2. Stylohyoid
  3. Mylohyoid
  4. Geniohyoid
73
Q

What muscles are found below the hyoid bone?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

74
Q

Enumerate the infrahyoid muscles.

A
  1. Omohyoid - divides neck into triangles; two bellies (upper and lower
  2. Thyrohyoid - adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
  3. Sternohyoid - from body of sternum to hyoid bone
  4. Sternothyroid - from sternum to adam’s apple
75
Q

What does the word “glossus” refer to?

A

The tongue

76
Q

What muscle makes up the bulk of the tongue and moves it down and out of the mouth?

A

Genioglossus

77
Q

What muscle moves the tongue up and retracts it back into the mouth?

A

Styloglossus

78
Q

What muscle flattens the tongue?

A

Hyoglossus

79
Q

What muscle bulges the tongue and is attached to the sides of the tongue from the uvula?

A

Palatoglossus

80
Q

Enumerate the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A
  1. Superior longitudinal
  2. Inferior longitudinal
  3. Transverse
  4. Vertical
81
Q

What muscle extends from mandible to sternum and is responsible for certain facial expressions (ex. sadness and fright)?

A

Platysma

82
Q

What is a prominent muscle when you rotate your neck and extends from the clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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