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MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

Tensions produced by muscle tone helps us maintain posture

A

True. Skeletal muscles are rarely completely relaxed or flaccid. In the relaxed state, there is no movement but is contracted to maintain a small amount of contractile protein.

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2
Q

What is decreased muscle tone caused by damage to CNS (ex. cerebellum or poliomyelitis)?

A

Hypotonia. Muscles have a flaccid appearance and there are functional impairments (ex. weak reflexes)

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3
Q

What is excessive muscle tone caused by damage to upper motor neurons in CNS?

A

Hypertonia. Accompanied by hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflex), muscle rigidity (ex. Parkinson’s disesase). Limb will snap back from passive stretching.

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4
Q

Enumerate the 3 types of muscle fibers.

A
  1. Slow Oxidative (SO) fibers
    - contract relatively slowly
    - use aerobic respiration (O2 and glucose) to produce ATP
  2. Fast Oxidative (FO) fibers
    - fast contractions
    - use aerobic respiration
    - may switch to anaerobic (glycolysis), can fatigue more quickly than SO fibers
  3. Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers
    - fast contractions
    - use glycolysis
    - fatigue more quickly than others
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5
Q

What muscles are self-exciteable, able to depolarize and fire action potentials on their own?

A

Cardiac muscles

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6
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

Increase in production of cells

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7
Q

What are strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connects muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

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8
Q

What is the moveable end of the muscle or the distal attachment?

A

Insertion

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8
Q

What is the moveable end of the muscle or the distal attachment?

A

Insertion

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9
Q

What is the fixed (stabilized) end of muscles?

A

Origin

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10
Q

Enumerate the 4 roles of muscles.

A
  1. Prime mover/agonist
  2. Antagonist
  3. Synergist
  4. Fixator
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11
Q

What is the main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement of the body; the principal muscle involved?

A

Prime mover/agonist

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12
Q

What is the muscle that opposes the action of another muscle; maintains body or limb position; and controls rapid movement or the ability to check the motion of a limb?

A

Antagonist

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13
Q

What is the muscle that opposes the action of another muscle; maintains body or limb position; and controls rapid movement or the ability to check the motion of a limb?

A

Antagonist

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14
Q

What complements the action of a prime mover, assists the prime mover, and increases the action of the prime mover?

A

Synergist

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15
Q

What muscle steadies proximal limbs through isometric contractions while movements are occurring in distal parts and stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover’s origin?

A

Fixator

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16
Q

What are 3 layers of connective tissue that covers the entire muscle?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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17
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers the entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers the muscle fascicle (a group of bundled muscle fibers)?

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

What layer of connective tissue covers each muscle fiber cell?

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Enumerate the 6 muscle shape and fiber arrangements (note: BFPPCC).

A
  1. Belly
  2. Fusiform
  3. Parallel muscles
  4. Pennate muscles
  5. Circular muscles
  6. Convergent
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21
Q

What muscles have fascicles arranged in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle (ex: sartorius, tailor muscle, femoral area)?

A

Parallel muscles

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22
Q

What is a plump large mass of tissue in the middle of the muscle?

A

Belly

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23
Q

What is a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped (ex. the biceps brachii in the upper arm)?

A

Fusiform

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24
What muscles increase the size of the opening when relaxed and shrink the size of the opening to the point of closure when contracting? (ex. orbicularis oris around mouth)
Circular muscles (sphincters)
25
What muscles have a widespread expansion over a sizeable area, but then the fascicles converge to a single, common attachment point (ex. pectoralis major)
Convergent muscles
26
What muscles are like a feather that blend into a tendon that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length, like the quill of a feather?
Pennate muscles
27
Enumerate the 3 types of pennate muscles.
1. Unipennate 2. Bipennate 3. Multipennate
28
What is a muscle fascicle that is only on one side of the tendon (ex. extensor digitorum longus in the lower arm)?
Unipennate muscle
29
What is a muscle fascicle found on both sides of the tendon (ex. rectus femoris in the femur)?
Bipennate muscle
30
What is a muscle fascicle that wraps around the tendon (ex. deltoid muscle)?
Multipennate muscle
31
What is a narrow muscle with parallel fibers (ex. external oblique in the torso area)?
Flat muscles
32
What does the Latin prefix "ad" mean?
to; toward
33
What does the Latin prefix "ab" mean?
Away from
34
What does the Latin prefix "sub" refer to?
Under
35
What does the Latin word "ductor" refer to?
Something that moves
36
What does the Latin word "anti" mean?
Against
37
What does the Latin word "epi" mean?
On top of
38
What does the Latin word "apo" mean?
To the side of
39
What does the Latin word "longissimus" refer to?
Longest
40
What does the Latin word "longus" mean?
Long
40
What does the Latin word "longus" mean?
Long
41
What does the Latin word "brevis" refer to?
Short
42
What does the Latin word "maximus" refer to?
Large
43
What does the Latin word "medius" refer to?
Medium
44
What does the Latin word "minimus" refer to?
Tiny; little
45
What does the Latin word "rectus" refer to?
Straight
46
What does the Latin word "multi" refer to?
Many
47
What does the Latin word "uni" refer to?
One
48
What does the Latin word "bi/di" refer to?
Two
49
What does the Latin word "tri" refer to?
Three
50
What does the Latin word "quad" refer to?
Four
51
What does the Latin word "externus" refer to?
Outside
52
What does the Latin word "internus" refer to?
Inside
53
What are the circular muscles around the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
54
What is a circular muscle that closes the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
55
What refers to the skull muscles that has two bellies (frontal and occipital) and moves the eyebrows?
Occipitofrontalis
56
What connects the two bellies of the occipitofrontalis and moves your forehead?
Epicranial aponeurosis
57
What facial muscle is responsible for whistling, blowing, and sucking and is found below/behind the risorius muscle?
Buccinator muscle
58
What muscle is the prime mover of the eyebrows?
Corrugator supercilii
59
What muscle moves the chin?
Mentalis muscle
60
What muscle is in charge of your "fake smile"?
Risorius muscle
61
What muscle is in charge of your "true smile"?
Zygomaticus major muscle
62
What muscle is parallel to the zygomatic major muscle?
Zygomaticus minor
63
What muscle opens and closes the upper eyelid?
Levator palpebrae superioris
64
What eye muscle attaches to the trochlea and is responsible for moving the eye down and away from the nose?
Superior oblique
65
What muscle moves the eye away from the nose?
Lateral rectus
66
What muscle moves the eye towards the nose?
Medial rectus
67
What muscle moves the eye up and away from the nose?
Inferior oblique
68
What muscle moves the eye down and toward the nose?
Inferior rectus
69
What eye muscles are NOT supplied by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) and what nerve innervates them?
SOTLA 1. Superior Oblique - Trochlear nerve (CN IV) 2. Lateral rectus - Abducens nerve (CN VI)
70
Enumerate the muscles of masstication and where they are located.
1. Masseter - located on the sides of maxilla (cheekbone area) and mandible 2. Temporalis - overlying the temporal bone; convergence muscle; wide and fan shaped 3. Lateral and Medial Pterygoid - internal; side of mandible; medial is bigger than lateral (horizontally placed beside cheekbone area)
71
What muscles are located above the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid muscles
72
Enumerate the suprahyoid muscles.
1. Digastric 2. Stylohyoid 3. Mylohyoid 4. Geniohyoid
73
What muscles are found below the hyoid bone?
Infrahyoid muscles
74
Enumerate the infrahyoid muscles.
1. Omohyoid - divides neck into triangles; two bellies (upper and lower 2. Thyrohyoid - adam's apple/thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone 3. Sternohyoid - from body of sternum to hyoid bone 4. Sternothyroid - from sternum to adam's apple
75
What does the word "glossus" refer to?
The tongue
76
What muscle makes up the bulk of the tongue and moves it down and out of the mouth?
Genioglossus
77
What muscle moves the tongue up and retracts it back into the mouth?
Styloglossus
78
What muscle flattens the tongue?
Hyoglossus
79
What muscle bulges the tongue and is attached to the sides of the tongue from the uvula?
Palatoglossus
80
Enumerate the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
1. Superior longitudinal 2. Inferior longitudinal 3. Transverse 4. Vertical
81
What muscle extends from mandible to sternum and is responsible for certain facial expressions (ex. sadness and fright)?
Platysma
82
What is a prominent muscle when you rotate your neck and extends from the clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone?
Sternocleidomastoid

MLS 102 - Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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