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Anatomy > Urinary + Reproductive System > Flashcards

Urinary + Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term used to describe how cloudy the urine sample is

A

Turbidity

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2
Q

What is a common cause of cloudy urine

A

UTI or precipitated crystals

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3
Q

Which part of a urinalysis is measuring how concentrated the urine is

A

Specific gravity

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4
Q

What is a normal range for the specific gravity of urine

A

1.001 to 1.035

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5
Q

Does hemoglobin in a urine sample always indicate a problem with the kidneys and why

A

Could be UTI, renal stones, acute muscle breakdown, or false positive due to semen contamination

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6
Q

What are some reasons for an abnormal urine color

A

Bleeding in the urinary tract can cause red urine, certain meds can cause brown/black urine, certain meds/foods can cause green urine

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7
Q

List substances tested for on a urinalysis that should not normally be found in urine and why they would show up

A

Glucose can show up in those suffering from hyperglycemia or proximal tubule dysfunction. Proteins can show up due to glomerular disease or overflow proteinuria. Leukocyte esterase and nitrates show up due to UTI.

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8
Q

What is a normal PH

A

6.0

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9
Q

What affects urine PH

A

Acidemia causes low PH and alkalemia and distal RTA cause high PH. Could also be affected by diet.

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10
Q

The external skin sac that houses the testes

A

Scrotum

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11
Q

The site of sperm and testosterone production

A

Testes

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12
Q

This gland produces over half of the seminal fluid

A

Seminal vesicle

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13
Q

This passageway propels sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

A

Ductus deferens

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14
Q

Dual passageway for sperm and urine

A

Urethra

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15
Q

Storage site for sperm is located at the posterior aspect of the testis

A

Epididymis

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16
Q

Located just inferior to the urinary bladder. Inflammation and swelling results in infertility and painful urination

A

Prostate

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17
Q

The connective tissue sheath enclosing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

A

Spermatic cord

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18
Q

Erectile tissue directly surrounds the urethra

A

Corpus spongiosum

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19
Q

This structures secretions contain sugar to nourish sperm

A

Seminal vesicle

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20
Q

Removed during circumcision

A

Prepuce

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21
Q

Functional motile male gamete

A

Sperm

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22
Q

Number of chromosomes normally present in male gamete

A

23

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23
Q

These cells give rise to testosterone

A

Interstitial cells

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24
Q

These cells line the seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm

A

Spermatogonium

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25
Q

Anterior end of the sperms head, contains a lytic enzyme

A

Acrosome

26
Q

Usual site of fertilization

A

Fallopian tube

27
Q

Primary female reproductive organ/gonad

A

Ovary

28
Q

Structure that houses the developing fetus

A

Uterus

29
Q

These move and create a fluid like current which draws an ovulated egg into the fallopian tube

A

Fimbriae

30
Q

This innermost lining of the uterus sheds monthly

A

Endometrium

31
Q

Middle lining of the uterus forcefully contracts during childbirth

A

Myometrium

32
Q

This follicular structure forms immediately post ovulation

A

Corpus luteum

33
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

A

eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

34
Q

What are the size shape and location of a kidney?

A

They are about the size of a fist, bean shaped and located by the ribs outside of the peritoneum

35
Q

Starting at the aorta trace the blood flow through the kidneys and back to inferior vena cava

A

Descending aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries or vasa recta capillaries, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

36
Q

What are the two main parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

37
Q

What are the four sections of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

38
Q

What are the two capillary beds associated with the nephron and where are they located in relation to the glomerulus

A

The peritubular capillaries surround the proximal and distal tubules while the vasa cava capillaries intertwine with the loop of Henle

39
Q

What two things make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

40
Q

Describe the steps of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration: water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through capillary walls and into the renal tubule
  2. Tubular reabsorption: water, glucose, and amino acids are transported out of the filtrate and into the Tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood.
  3. Tubular secretion: hydrogen potassium Creatinine And drugs are removed from the peritubular Blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate
41
Q

Describe the basics of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its effects on blood pressure and urine volume.

A

–Mediated by the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus of the renal tubules. When cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low
blood pressure, the enzyme renin is released into blood. Renin catalyzes a reaction that ultimately produces
angiotension II. Angiotension II causes vasconstriction and aldosterone release. Result is increase in blood volume and blood pressure

42
Q

What are the major nitrogenous waste products that are found in the urine?

A

Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine

43
Q

What are some of the substances not normally found in urine?

A

Proteins, glucose, nitrite, ketones, hemoglobin

44
Q

What are the 4 layers of the bladder wall?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

45
Q

What type of cells make up the bladder mucosa and what is special about these cells?

A

Transitional epithelium appear cuboidal when relaxed and simple squamous (flat) when stretched thin

46
Q

Describe the structure and function of the urethral sphincters.

A

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and regulates involuntary control of urinary flow from the bladder to the urethra, while the external urethral sphincter provides voluntary regulation

47
Q

What are the gonads and gametes of the male and female reproductive tracts?

A

Gonads are the testes/ovaries and gametes are the sperm/ovum

48
Q

Describe the flow of sperm from production to ejaculation

A

Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules and then gathers in the rate testis before being stored and matured in the epididymis. Then upon ejaculation it flows through the ductus deferens and out the ejaculatory duct, mixes with semen coming out of the seminal vesicle, through the prostate, and out the urethra.

49
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid)

50
Q

What is the purpose of the seminal vesicles

A

store and produce the majority of the fluid that makes up semen.

51
Q

What is the purpose of the bulbourethral gland

A

They produce a mucus that neutralizes the acidity of the vagina so sperm can survive

52
Q

Starting with the sperm stem cell, name the cells at the different stages of sperm development.

A

Spermatagonia copy to make primary spermatocytes, those divide to make secondary spermatocytes, then those divide to make spermatids which mature into sperm. The copies (diploids) have 46 chromosomes and the divided cells (haploids) have 23.

53
Q

What are the roles of LH and FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

FSH stimulates the production of sperm and LH stimulates the production of testosterone

54
Q

Where is testosterone made and what is its major role in males?

A

It is produced in the testes and triggers the development of internal/external sex organs as well as regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm

55
Q

Starting with the stem cell, name the cells at the different stages of ova development.

A

Oogonia are stem cells present in a fetus. They develop into primary oocytes before birth and are inactive until puberty. Primary oocytes mature and produce secondary oocytes which are shed each month. The ova is the secondary oocytes that is actually ovulated. Primary oocytes are diploid cells and have 46 chromosomes while secondary oocytes are haploid and have 23 chromosomes. The fertilized egg has 46 chromosomes because it is the combo from oocyte and sperm

56
Q

Name the major functions of estrogen and progesterone in the female

A

Progesterone creates a healthy uterine lining to support a fertilized egg, embryo and fetus. Estrogen regulates the growth, development, and physiology of the human reproductive system. This hormone also influences neuroendocrine, skeletal, adipose, and cardiovascular systems. Estrogen is an important sex hormone produced primarily by the ovaries.

57
Q

Describe the development of the follicle in the ovary, include the names of the different stages of follicle development. What are the roles of LH and FSH in this process?

A

Primary follicle—contains an immature
oocyte
vesicular follicle—growing
follicle with a maturing oocyte
Ovulation—when the egg is mature, the
follicle ruptures; occurs about every 28
days
The ruptured follicle is transformed into a
corpus luteum
LH and FSH stimulate this process

58
Q

Define zygote

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

59
Q

Define morula

A

an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of approximately 8–32 cells

60
Q

Define blastocyst

A

a cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg. It’s the early stage of an embryo. A blastocyst is one step among many that lead to a pregnancy. A blastocyst forms about five to six days after a sperm fertilizes an egg.

61
Q

Define embryo

A

An unborn offspring in the process of development, usually referred to as such until about 8 weeks

62
Q

Define fetus

A

Unborn Offspring that is in the process of development, referred to as such from about 8 weeks to birth

Anatomy (11 decks)

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