Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the five functions of bones?

Answer 1

 Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals/fats, and blood cell formation

Question 2

Define compact bone

Answer 2

Homogenous bone tissue

Question 3

Define spongy bone

Answer 3

Bone tissue that is not dense, has small needle like pieces of bone, many open spaces, and bone plates called trabeculae 

Question 4

Sesamoid bones

Answer 4

A short bone that is within a joint or tendon

Question 5

Flat bones

Answer 5

Thin, flat, usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

Question 6

Define osteocyte

Answer 6

Mature bone cell

Question 7

Define canaliculi

Answer 7

Small channels that radiate out to the lacuna

Question 8

Define lacuna

Answer 8

Tiny cavities that house the mature bone cells

Question 9

Define osteon

Answer 9

Complex of central canal, and matrix rings

Question 10

Define lamella

Answer 10

Concentric circles of lacuna 

Question 11

Give a description of the two main types of bone marrow

Answer 11

Red bone marrow is where stem cells develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Yellow bone marrow stores fatty tissue.

Question 12

Name the two types of bone formation, and give a brief description of each process

Answer 12

Flat bones form within sheet like layers of connective tissue and these bones are called intramembranous bones. Long bones replace masses of cartilage and this is called endochondral bones. 

Question 13

What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? 

Answer 13

Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue around themselves until they become trapped and then they are referred to as an osteocyte. Osteoclast breakdown bone matrix for remodeling and release calcium in response to parathyroid hormone.

Question 14

What is the function of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in bone physiology?

Answer 14

Parathyroid hormone releases from your parathyroid gland when your blood calcium level decreases, and it tells osteoclast to breakdown bone to release calcium. Calcitonin releases from your thyroid when blood calcium level is too high, and it tells osteoblast to start putting the calcium back into your bones.

Question 15

Describe a green stick fracture

Answer 15

Incomplete, does not go all the way through

Question 16

Describe a comminuted fracture

Answer 16

The bone is broken into multiple pieces

Question 17

Describe a transverse fracture

Answer 17

The bone breaks straight across

Question 18

Describe a oblique fracture

Answer 18

The bone breaks diagonally

Question 19

Describe a compound fracture

Answer 19

The bone penetrates the skin

Question 20

Describe a simple fracture

Answer 20

The bone has not penetrated the skin

Question 21

What are the four stages of fracture healing?

Answer 21

Hematoma, break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callous, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Question 22

Define a synarthritic joint

Answer 22

And immovable joint

Question 23

Define a amphiarthrotic joint

Answer 23

A slightly movable joint

Question 24

Define a diarthrotic joint

Answer 24

A freely movable joint

Question 25

Define a fibrous joint

Answer 25

A joint made up of fiber, and generally immovable

Question 26

Define a cartilaginous joint

Answer 26

A joint made up of cartilage, immovable or only slightly movable

Question 27

A synovial joint

Answer 27

Most joints in the body, all freely movable

Question 28

Describe the four features of all synovial joints

Answer 28

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones, a fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces, a joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid, ligaments reinforce the joint

Question 29

Define bursa

Answer 29

Structure found in some synovial joints, flattened fibrous sacs, lined with synovial membranes, and filled with synovial fluid

Question 30

Define tendon sheath

Answer 30

Structure found in some synovial joints, elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Question 31

Define meniscus

Answer 31

Structure found in some synovial joints, pads of fibrocartilage that act as shock absorbers

Question 32

Describe ball and socket joint and give an example

Answer 32

A globe or egg shaped head articulating with a cup shaped cavity of another bone, allows a very wide range of motion, example includes hips and shoulder joints

Question 33

Describe a condylar joint and give an example

Answer 33

Ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, permits a variety of motions, example is joint between metacarpal and phalanges

Question 34

Describe a gliding joint and give an example

Answer 34

Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved, allow a back-and-forth motion, examples include the joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebra

Question 35

Describe a hinge joint and give an example

Answer 35

A convex surface fits into a concave surface. Movement is in one plain only, found in the elbow and phalange joints.

Question 36

Describe a pivot joint and give an example

Answer 36

A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue, examples include the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna

Question 37

Describe a saddle joint and give an example

Answer 37

Forms where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas permitting a wide range of movements. Example is the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb.

Question 38

Describe the two main types of arthritis

Answer 38

Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic arthritis, probably related to normal aging process. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints, often leads to deformities.

Question 39

Define flexion

Answer 39

Decreases the angle of the joint, brings two bones closer together, typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

Question 40

Define extension

Answer 40

Opposite of flexion, increases the angle between two bones

Question 41

Define rotation

Answer 41

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, common in ball and socket joints, example is shaking head no

Question 42

Define abduction

Answer 42

Movement of a limb away from midline

Question 43

Define adduction

Answer 43

Opposite of abduction, movement of a limb toward midline

Question 44

Define circumduction

Answer 44

Move in a circle, combo reflection, extension, abduction, and adduction, common in ball and socket joints

Question 45

Define dorsiflexion

Answer 45

Lifting the foot, so the superior surface approaches the shin

Question 46

Define plantar flexion

Answer 46

Depressing the foot or pointing the toes

Question 47

Define inversion

Answer 47

Turn sole of foot medially

Question 48

Define eversion

Answer 48

Turn sole of foot laterally

Question 49

Define supination

Answer 49

Forearm rotates laterally, so palm faces anteriorly

Question 50

Define pronation

Answer 50

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

Question 51

Parathyroid hormone causes these cells to become more active

Answer 51

Osteoclasts

Question 52

These cells should become more active when blood calcium levels are high

Answer 52

Osteoblasts

Question 53

Describe hyaline cartilage and where it’s found

Answer 53

Attaches ribs to breastbone, provides a low friction surface for joint movement, holds open passages to breathe, looks like raspberry, found in the trachea

Question 54

Describe elastic cartilage and where it’s found

Answer 54

Helps collect sound waves and allows structures to stretch and return to original shape, found in outer ear and parts of larynx

Question 55

Describe fibrocartilage

Answer 55

Found in the intervertebral discs, resists compressive forces in spine, looks like stretched cotton candy