Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of bones?

A

 Support the body, protect soft organs, allow movement, store minerals/fats, and blood cell formation

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2
Q

Define compact bone

A

Homogenous bone tissue

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3
Q

Define spongy bone

A

Bone tissue that is not dense, has small needle like pieces of bone, many open spaces, and bone plates called trabeculae 

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4
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

A short bone that is within a joint or tendon

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, flat, usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

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6
Q

Define osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell

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7
Q

Define canaliculi

A

Small channels that radiate out to the lacuna

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8
Q

Define lacuna

A

Tiny cavities that house the mature bone cells

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9
Q

Define osteon

A

Complex of central canal, and matrix rings

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10
Q

Define lamella

A

Concentric circles of lacuna 

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11
Q

Give a description of the two main types of bone marrow

A

Red bone marrow is where stem cells develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Yellow bone marrow stores fatty tissue.

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12
Q

Name the two types of bone formation, and give a brief description of each process

A

Flat bones form within sheet like layers of connective tissue and these bones are called intramembranous bones. Long bones replace masses of cartilage and this is called endochondral bones. 

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13
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? 

A

Osteoblasts deposit bony tissue around themselves until they become trapped and then they are referred to as an osteocyte. Osteoclast breakdown bone matrix for remodeling and release calcium in response to parathyroid hormone.

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14
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in bone physiology?

A

Parathyroid hormone releases from your parathyroid gland when your blood calcium level decreases, and it tells osteoclast to breakdown bone to release calcium. Calcitonin releases from your thyroid when blood calcium level is too high, and it tells osteoblast to start putting the calcium back into your bones.

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15
Q

Describe a green stick fracture

A

Incomplete, does not go all the way through

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16
Q

Describe a comminuted fracture

A

The bone is broken into multiple pieces

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17
Q

Describe a transverse fracture

A

The bone breaks straight across

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18
Q

Describe a oblique fracture

A

The bone breaks diagonally

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19
Q

Describe a compound fracture

A

The bone penetrates the skin

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20
Q

Describe a simple fracture

A

The bone has not penetrated the skin

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21
Q

What are the four stages of fracture healing?

A

Hematoma, break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callous, fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus, bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

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22
Q

Define a synarthritic joint

A

And immovable joint

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23
Q

Define a amphiarthrotic joint

A

A slightly movable joint

24
Q

Define a diarthrotic joint

A

A freely movable joint

25
Q

Define a fibrous joint

A

A joint made up of fiber, and generally immovable

26
Q

Define a cartilaginous joint

A

A joint made up of cartilage, immovable or only slightly movable

27
Q

A synovial joint

A

Most joints in the body, all freely movable

28
Q

Describe the four features of all synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones, a fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces, a joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid, ligaments reinforce the joint

29
Q

Define bursa

A

Structure found in some synovial joints, flattened fibrous sacs, lined with synovial membranes, and filled with synovial fluid

30
Q

Define tendon sheath

A

Structure found in some synovial joints, elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

31
Q

Define meniscus

A

Structure found in some synovial joints, pads of fibrocartilage that act as shock absorbers

32
Q

Describe ball and socket joint and give an example

A

A globe or egg shaped head articulating with a cup shaped cavity of another bone, allows a very wide range of motion, example includes hips and shoulder joints

33
Q

Describe a condylar joint and give an example

A

Ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, permits a variety of motions, example is joint between metacarpal and phalanges

34
Q

Describe a gliding joint and give an example

A

Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved, allow a back-and-forth motion, examples include the joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebra

35
Q

Describe a hinge joint and give an example

A

A convex surface fits into a concave surface. Movement is in one plain only, found in the elbow and phalange joints.

36
Q

Describe a pivot joint and give an example

A

A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue, examples include the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna

37
Q

Describe a saddle joint and give an example

A

Forms where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas permitting a wide range of movements. Example is the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb.

38
Q

Describe the two main types of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic arthritis, probably related to normal aging process. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints, often leads to deformities.

39
Q

Define flexion

A

Decreases the angle of the joint, brings two bones closer together, typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

40
Q

Define extension

A

Opposite of flexion, increases the angle between two bones

41
Q

Define rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, common in ball and socket joints, example is shaking head no

42
Q

Define abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from midline

43
Q

Define adduction

A

Opposite of abduction, movement of a limb toward midline

44
Q

Define circumduction

A

Move in a circle, combo reflection, extension, abduction, and adduction, common in ball and socket joints

45
Q

Define dorsiflexion

A

Lifting the foot, so the superior surface approaches the shin

46
Q

Define plantar flexion

A

Depressing the foot or pointing the toes

47
Q

Define inversion

A

Turn sole of foot medially

48
Q

Define eversion

A

Turn sole of foot laterally

49
Q

Define supination

A

Forearm rotates laterally, so palm faces anteriorly

50
Q

Define pronation

A

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

51
Q

Parathyroid hormone causes these cells to become more active

A

Osteoclasts

52
Q

These cells should become more active when blood calcium levels are high

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage and where it’s found

A

Attaches ribs to breastbone, provides a low friction surface for joint movement, holds open passages to breathe, looks like raspberry, found in the trachea

54
Q

Describe elastic cartilage and where it’s found

A

Helps collect sound waves and allows structures to stretch and return to original shape, found in outer ear and parts of larynx

55
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Found in the intervertebral discs, resists compressive forces in spine, looks like stretched cotton candy