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Anatomy > Neuro System > Flashcards

Neuro System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Merges into the spinal cord, transmits all impulses between the spinal cord and the brain, contains important control centers, heart rate control, blood pressure control, breathing control

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2
Q

What is the function of the pons

A

Connects cerebrum to the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata, includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing, mostly composed of fiber tracts

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3
Q

What is the function of the midbrain

A

Divided into two areas by the cerebral aqueduct, anteriorly has corticospinal tract and posteriorly has corpora quadrigemina

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4
Q

Describe corticospinal tracts

A

Myelinated fibers that convey impulses to and from parts of the brain

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5
Q

Describe the corpora quadrigemina

A

Has four rounded protrusions and is the reflex center for vision and hearing

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6
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Surrounds the third ventricle, relay station for sensory impulses, transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

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7
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Connects the endocrine and nervous systems, helps regulate body temp, heart rate, and blood pressure, controls water and electrolyte balance, hunger, body weight, and GI movement and secretions, regulates growth, reproduction, sleep and wakefulness

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8
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Provides involuntary coordination of body movements, integrates sensory information about the position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity and maintains posture

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9
Q

What happens in the frontal lobe

A

Higher intellectual reasoning: concentration, planning, complex problem solving, socially acceptable behavior: possible consequences of behavior

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10
Q

What cell produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cell

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11
Q

What cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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12
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Production and circulation of CSF

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13
Q

What are the functions of microglial cells?

A

Macrophages of the CNS and developed from white blood cells

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14
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Involved with scar formation and blood-brain barrier maintenance and most abundant CNS glial cells

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15
Q

In a resting neuron, the inside of the membrane has a more ______ charge than the outside of the membrane. What is this charge difference called?

A

Negative, resting membrane potential

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16
Q

Sodium ions are found in higher concentration ______ of the cell while potassium is is more abundant ______ the cell.

A

Outside, inside

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17
Q

Sodium ions want to diffuse from _____ and potassium ions want to diffuse from _______

A

Outside into the cell, inside to outside of the cell

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18
Q

The membrane has more channels for ___ than it has for ____

A

Potassium, sodium

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19
Q

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ____ potassium ions transported into the cell

A

3,2

20
Q

The cytoplasm contains many _____ such as phosphate, sulfate, and proteins.

A

Anions

21
Q

An action potential will not occur unless the membrane potential at the _____ reaches a level called _____

A

Trigger zone, threshold

22
Q

When threshold is reached ______ of the initial segment open briefly allowing ______ to diffuse into the cell

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels, sodium

23
Q

As these ions enter the cell, the cell membrane undergoes _____

A

Depolarization

24
Q

As the peak of the action potential is reached the sodium channels close and the ______ open allowing these ions to diffuse out of the cell

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels

25
Q

As cations leave the cell, the membrane potential at that part of the membrane is reestablishing resting membrane potential. This phase of the action potential is called ______

A

Repolarization

26
Q

The membrane potential actually dips lower than -70mV because the potassium channels do not close quickly enough. This phase is called______

A

Hyperpolarization

27
Q

A neurotransmitter that causes the opening of sodium channels is an ____ neurotransmitter and one that causes the opening of potassium channels is an _____ neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

28
Q

Neurons are organized into ______ which make multiple synaptic connections receiving and transmitting info with the brain

A

neuronal pools

29
Q

Any single neuron in the group may receive information from more than one ______

A

Presynaptic nerve

30
Q

What is it called when a neuron receives information from more than one presynaptic neuron

A

Convergence

31
Q

An impulse from a single neuron, that is transmitted to several ______ can amplify or spread an impulse

A

Postsynaptic neurons

32
Q

What is it called when an impulse from a single neuron is transmitted to several post synaptic neurons

A

Divergence

33
Q

What is it called when a neuron may receive a subthreshold signal from one neuron that then makes it easier for other neurons in the pool to cause excitation

A

Facilitation

34
Q

What part of the brain is the most inferior part of the brain

A

Brainstem

35
Q

Which region of the spinal cord gives rise to 5 pairs of spinal nerves?

A

Lumbar

36
Q

Which region of the spinal cord gives rise to 8 pairs of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical

37
Q

Which region of the spinal cord gives rise to 12 pairs of spinal nerves?

A

Thoracic

38
Q

List the sections of the spinal cord from superior to inferior

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

39
Q

What portion of the spinal cord contains cell bodies for somatic motor neurons

A

Anterior gray horn

40
Q

What is the name of the specialized capillaries that secret CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses

41
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A

4

42
Q

Which ventricles are found in the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Lateral

43
Q

Lateral ventricles are connected to the single ventricle below it by two ______

A

Interventricular foramina

44
Q

Which ventricle is a narrow space in the midline of the brain just below the corpus callosum

A

Third ventricle

45
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

46
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle found?

A

Posterior to the brainstem and anterior to the cerebellum

Anatomy (11 decks)

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