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Hematology + Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is contained within the _____ system

A

Cardiovascular

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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Nutrients, gases, waste, and other biologically relevant molecules

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3
Q

Blood cells are described as

A

Biconcave, no nuclei

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4
Q

Another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

White blood cells are described as

A

Larger than RBC, multilobed, some contain abundant visible granules in their cytoplasm

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6
Q

Another name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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7
Q

Blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix called….?

A

Plasma

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8
Q

List the components of plasma

A

Water, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, and nutrients

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9
Q

What blood disorders are associated with plasma proteins and give a brief description of what it is

A

Edema - fluid leaks into tissues
Bleeding disorders - blood doesn’t clot as it should

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10
Q

What blood disorders are associated with RBCs and give a brief description of what it is

A

Anemia - decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood

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11
Q

What blood disorders are associated with WBCs and give a brief description of what it is

A

Leukemia - cancer of leukocytes
Leukocytosis - increased number of one of the formed elements

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12
Q

What blood disorders are associated with platelets and give a brief description of what it is

A

Bleeding disorder - blood doesn’t clot as it should
Thrombosis - abnormal blood clotting

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13
Q

What is a possible outcome of a reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?

A

Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (anemia)

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14
Q

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell starting with the absorption of nutrients

A
  1. Nutrients absorb in the intestines
  2. Transport of nutrients via blood
  3. RBCs in the bone marrow
  4. RBCs circulate for 120 days
  5. Old RBCs breakdown in the spleen or liver
  6. Hemoglobin breaks down, resulting in heme + globin
  7. Iron is recycled back to the bone marrow
  8. Bilirubin is excreted via bile and transported to the intestine to be pooped out
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15
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC and where does it typically rupture?

A

120 days and the spleen or liver

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16
Q

What are the cells called that break down the RBCs?

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

What are the component parts of hemoglobin? And what is the iron group called?

A

4 protein chains and 4 iron-containing groups called heme

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18
Q

What are the components of heme? Describe them.

A

Iron - serves to bind to oxygen
Biliverdin - a green pigment

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19
Q

What happens to the iron after RBCs are broken down?

A

It is either stored in the liver or enters the blood and is transported back to the red bone marrow to be used to produce more hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is biliverdin converted to? Describe it.

A

Bilirubin - an orange pigment that is excreted by the liver into the bile and then into the small intestine to be pooped out

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21
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

A

Granulocyte - basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil
Agranulocyte - B + T lymphocyte and monocyte

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22
Q

List the WBCs in order from most abundant to least abundant

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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23
Q

Which WBC phagocytizes small particles and are the first responders at infection site?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Which WBC phagocytizes large particles in tissues?

A

Monocytes

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25
Which WBC provides immunity?
Lymphocyte
26
Which WBC releases histamine and heparin?
Basophil
27
Which WBC moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
28
What is a deficiency in WBCs called and what is its opposite?
Leukopenia and leukocytosis
29
What is used and produced during cellular respiration
Blood gases
30
A protein that transports lipids
Alpha and beta globulin
31
Regulates temperature and transports solutes
Water
32
Protein that functions in blood clotting
Fibrinogen
33
Protein that maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
34
Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes
Plasma nutrients
35
Waste molecules produced during metabolism
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
36
Maintenance of pH, can influence water balance
Electrolytes
37
Antibodies for immune defense
Gamma globulin
38
How many liters of blood does the average human have in circulation?
Five
39
Plasma accounts for what percent of our blood volume
55%
40
What is the percent break down of plasma?
92% water, 7% protein, and 1% other solutes
41
Most plasma proteins are produced where? What is the exception and where are they produced?
Liver and gamma globulins which are produced by the immune cells
42
Define hemostasis
Process that stops bleeding
43
What are the 3 processes leading to hemostasis in order?
Vasospasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
44
What reaction is catalyzed by thrombin
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
45
Describe type A blood
Anti-B antibodies in plasma and A antigen on RBCs
46
Describe type B blood
B antigen on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma
47
Describe type AB blood
Neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma, B antigen and A antigen on RBCs
48
Describe type O blood
No A or B antigens on RBCs, anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
49
Low blood oxygen levels lead to blue tint to the skin
Cyanosis
50
Abnormal hemoglobin, causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions
Sickle-cell disease
51
Low platelet count, results in decreased clotting and bruising
Thrombocytopenia
52
What is the main function of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic capillaries in tissues drain excess tissue fluid to help maintain fluid balance
53
What is an additional role of the lymphatic system
The absorption of fats from the digestive system. Molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood so they are carried via the lymph to the venous system
54
What is the name for the tissue fluid transported through the lymphatic system
Lymph
55
What is the order of lymphatic vessels starting with the capillaries
Lymphatic capillary, afferent lymphatic vessel, lymph node, efferent lymphatic vessel, lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein
56
Masses of B lymphocytes and macrophages found in the cortex of lymph nodes are called
Lymphatic nodules or follicles
57
Clusters of lymphatic nodules are found in what other locations besides lymph nodes?
Tonsils and the mucosal lining of the distal small intestine
58
What are the lymphatic nodules found in the small intestine called?
Peyer’s patches
59
What are the bodies adaptive defenses?
Antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, plasma cells, response to antigen, and T and B lymphocytes
60
What are the bodies innate defenses?
Fever, natural killer cells, interferons, mononuclear phagocytic system, and complement
61
What is your bodies first line of defense?
Mechanical barriers ie skin, secretions, etc
62
What is your bodies second line of defense?
Fever, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis, and inflammation
63
What is the bodies third line of defense?
Cellular immune response and humoral immune response
64
Proteins that stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, and enhance phagocytosis
Complement
65
Peptides released by infected cells to protect nearby cells from infection
Interferons
66
Acidic stomach contents that can destroy pathogens
Gastric juice
67
Antibacterial enzyme found in tears and other secretions
Lysozymes
68
What is the term for any molecule that elicits an immune response
Antigen
69
Which defense mechanism targets specific pathogens
Adaptive defense
70
Which defense mechanism is a more general defense system that protects against many types of pathogens
Innate defense mechanisms
71
Describe B cells
Formed and stays in bone marrow, formation of clones when activated, formation of memory cells, humoral immunity
72
Describe T cells
Forms in the bone marrow, moves and stays in the thymus, stimulated by cytokines, cellular immunity, targets cancer cells and virally infected cells, interacts with antigen presenting cells
73
Which antibodies are the first type produced in response to an infection, typically bacterial. It is also produced in response to food allergens and activates the complement system
IgM
74
Which antibodies are found in exocrine gland secretions? They defend against bacterial and viral infections
IgA
75
Which antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant? They are effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins and they activate the complement system
IgG
76
Which antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B cells? They play a role in activating B cells
IgD
77
Which antibodies are found in the secretions of lungs, skin, and mucus membranes? It is involved in allergies
IgE

Anatomy (11 decks)

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