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Anatomy > Hematology + Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Hematology + Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is contained within the _____ system

A

Cardiovascular

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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Nutrients, gases, waste, and other biologically relevant molecules

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3
Q

Blood cells are described as

A

Biconcave, no nuclei

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4
Q

Another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

White blood cells are described as

A

Larger than RBC, multilobed, some contain abundant visible granules in their cytoplasm

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6
Q

Another name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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7
Q

Blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix called….?

A

Plasma

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8
Q

List the components of plasma

A

Water, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, and nutrients

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9
Q

What blood disorders are associated with plasma proteins and give a brief description of what it is

A

Edema - fluid leaks into tissues
Bleeding disorders - blood doesn’t clot as it should

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10
Q

What blood disorders are associated with RBCs and give a brief description of what it is

A

Anemia - decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood

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11
Q

What blood disorders are associated with WBCs and give a brief description of what it is

A

Leukemia - cancer of leukocytes
Leukocytosis - increased number of one of the formed elements

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12
Q

What blood disorders are associated with platelets and give a brief description of what it is

A

Bleeding disorder - blood doesn’t clot as it should
Thrombosis - abnormal blood clotting

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13
Q

What is a possible outcome of a reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood?

A

Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (anemia)

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14
Q

Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell starting with the absorption of nutrients

A
  1. Nutrients absorb in the intestines
  2. Transport of nutrients via blood
  3. RBCs in the bone marrow
  4. RBCs circulate for 120 days
  5. Old RBCs breakdown in the spleen or liver
  6. Hemoglobin breaks down, resulting in heme + globin
  7. Iron is recycled back to the bone marrow
  8. Bilirubin is excreted via bile and transported to the intestine to be pooped out
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15
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC and where does it typically rupture?

A

120 days and the spleen or liver

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16
Q

What are the cells called that break down the RBCs?

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

What are the component parts of hemoglobin? And what is the iron group called?

A

4 protein chains and 4 iron-containing groups called heme

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18
Q

What are the components of heme? Describe them.

A

Iron - serves to bind to oxygen
Biliverdin - a green pigment

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19
Q

What happens to the iron after RBCs are broken down?

A

It is either stored in the liver or enters the blood and is transported back to the red bone marrow to be used to produce more hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is biliverdin converted to? Describe it.

A

Bilirubin - an orange pigment that is excreted by the liver into the bile and then into the small intestine to be pooped out

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21
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

A

Granulocyte - basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil
Agranulocyte - B + T lymphocyte and monocyte

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22
Q

List the WBCs in order from most abundant to least abundant

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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23
Q

Which WBC phagocytizes small particles and are the first responders at infection site?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Which WBC phagocytizes large particles in tissues?

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

Which WBC provides immunity?

A

Lymphocyte

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26
Q

Which WBC releases histamine and heparin?

A

Basophil

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27
Q

Which WBC moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasitic worm infections?

A

Eosinophils

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28
Q

What is a deficiency in WBCs called and what is its opposite?

A

Leukopenia and leukocytosis

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29
Q

What is used and produced during cellular respiration

A

Blood gases

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30
Q

A protein that transports lipids

A

Alpha and beta globulin

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31
Q

Regulates temperature and transports solutes

A

Water

32
Q

Protein that functions in blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

33
Q

Protein that maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

34
Q

Vitamins, lipids, sugars, and amino acids used in metabolic processes

A

Plasma nutrients

35
Q

Waste molecules produced during metabolism

A

Nonprotein nitrogenous substances

36
Q

Maintenance of pH, can influence water balance

A

Electrolytes

37
Q

Antibodies for immune defense

A

Gamma globulin

38
Q

How many liters of blood does the average human have in circulation?

A

Five

39
Q

Plasma accounts for what percent of our blood volume

A

55%

40
Q

What is the percent break down of plasma?

A

92% water, 7% protein, and 1% other solutes

41
Q

Most plasma proteins are produced where? What is the exception and where are they produced?

A

Liver and gamma globulins which are produced by the immune cells

42
Q

Define hemostasis

A

Process that stops bleeding

43
Q

What are the 3 processes leading to hemostasis in order?

A

Vasospasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

44
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by thrombin

A

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

45
Q

Describe type A blood

A

Anti-B antibodies in plasma and A antigen on RBCs

46
Q

Describe type B blood

A

B antigen on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma

47
Q

Describe type AB blood

A

Neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma, B antigen and A antigen on RBCs

48
Q

Describe type O blood

A

No A or B antigens on RBCs, anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

49
Q

Low blood oxygen levels lead to blue tint to the skin

A

Cyanosis

50
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin, causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions

A

Sickle-cell disease

51
Q

Low platelet count, results in decreased clotting and bruising

A

Thrombocytopenia

52
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic capillaries in tissues drain excess tissue fluid to help maintain fluid balance

53
Q

What is an additional role of the lymphatic system

A

The absorption of fats from the digestive system. Molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood so they are carried via the lymph to the venous system

54
Q

What is the name for the tissue fluid transported through the lymphatic system

A

Lymph

55
Q

What is the order of lymphatic vessels starting with the capillaries

A

Lymphatic capillary, afferent lymphatic vessel, lymph node, efferent lymphatic vessel, lymphatic trunk, collecting duct, subclavian vein

56
Q

Masses of B lymphocytes and macrophages found in the cortex of lymph nodes are called

A

Lymphatic nodules or follicles

57
Q

Clusters of lymphatic nodules are found in what other locations besides lymph nodes?

A

Tonsils and the mucosal lining of the distal small intestine

58
Q

What are the lymphatic nodules found in the small intestine called?

A

Peyer’s patches

59
Q

What are the bodies adaptive defenses?

A

Antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, plasma cells, response to antigen, and T and B lymphocytes

60
Q

What are the bodies innate defenses?

A

Fever, natural killer cells, interferons, mononuclear phagocytic system, and complement

61
Q

What is your bodies first line of defense?

A

Mechanical barriers ie skin, secretions, etc

62
Q

What is your bodies second line of defense?

A

Fever, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis, and inflammation

63
Q

What is the bodies third line of defense?

A

Cellular immune response and humoral immune response

64
Q

Proteins that stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes, and enhance phagocytosis

A

Complement

65
Q

Peptides released by infected cells to protect nearby cells from infection

A

Interferons

66
Q

Acidic stomach contents that can destroy pathogens

A

Gastric juice

67
Q

Antibacterial enzyme found in tears and other secretions

A

Lysozymes

68
Q

What is the term for any molecule that elicits an immune response

A

Antigen

69
Q

Which defense mechanism targets specific pathogens

A

Adaptive defense

70
Q

Which defense mechanism is a more general defense system that protects against many types of pathogens

A

Innate defense mechanisms

71
Q

Describe B cells

A

Formed and stays in bone marrow, formation of clones when activated, formation of memory cells, humoral immunity

72
Q

Describe T cells

A

Forms in the bone marrow, moves and stays in the thymus, stimulated by cytokines, cellular immunity, targets cancer cells and virally infected cells, interacts with antigen presenting cells

73
Q

Which antibodies are the first type produced in response to an infection, typically bacterial. It is also produced in response to food allergens and activates the complement system

A

IgM

74
Q

Which antibodies are found in exocrine gland secretions? They defend against bacterial and viral infections

A

IgA

75
Q

Which antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant? They are effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins and they activate the complement system

A

IgG

76
Q

Which antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B cells? They play a role in activating B cells

A

IgD

77
Q

Which antibodies are found in the secretions of lungs, skin, and mucus membranes? It is involved in allergies

A

IgE

Anatomy (11 decks)

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