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Physiology > Urinary Physiology > Flashcards

Urinary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephrons

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2
Q

No of nephrons in the kidney

A

1 million .

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3
Q

Nephron is made up of 4 regions

A

Bowman’s capsule
PCt
Loop of henle
DCt .

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4
Q

Function of the collecting duct

A

To collect urine from the nephrons

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5
Q

3 phases of urine formation

A

Glomeruler filtration
Slelective tubuler reabsorption
Tubuler secretion of H+ and k+ .

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6
Q

Tubuler secretion is secretion of 2 things
/

A

H+ and K+

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7
Q

Define glomerulus
Site

A

Mass of capillaries in bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

Contains how many arterioles and which one is smaller than the other

A

Afferent and efferent atrterioles
Efferent arterioles is smallein sized

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9
Q

PCT reabsorbes what passively and what actively

A

Water passively
Solute actively

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10
Q

Percentage of filtrates in the pct

A

80% of filtrates are reabsorped in the pct

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11
Q

% of glucose that is absorbed in the PCT

A

If the plasma levels of glucose is within normal range then it’s completely absorbed by the PCT .

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12
Q

What do we mean by renal thereshold
And what changes occur to it in pregnancy

A

The maximum limit of solute that can be reabsorbed .
It decreases in pregnancy

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13
Q

Which part of the nephron has tha main function to concentrate urine

A

The loop of henle

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14
Q

Which part of loop of henle rebasorb solutes and which part rebsorb water

A

The ascending loop reabsorb solute s
And the descending loop reabsorbs water

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15
Q

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water

A

The ascending loop limb of henle is impermeable to water

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16
Q

% of the filtrate that will reach DCT is

A

5%

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17
Q

Main role of DCt

A

Water reabsorption

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18
Q

DCT is under the effect of which two hormones

A

Is under the effect of ADH and aldosterone .

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19
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus composed of 2 types of specialized cells what are they

A

Ascending loop of henle macula dense measures sodium concenrtration
Afferent arterioles = juxtaglomeruler cells ; sensitive to pressure modified i]endothelial cells .

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20
Q

Macula dense
Site function

A

It’s on of the juxtaglomeruler apperatus specialized cells
At the ascending loop of henle f n to measure sodium concentration

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21
Q

Juxtaglomeruler cells
Site
Definition m
Main fxn

A

Modified endothelial cells at the Afferent arterioles ; sensitize pressure ; pressure sensitive .

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22
Q

Renin is secreted by

A

Juxtaglomeruler cells

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23
Q

If Nacl is high what happens to macula dense the Afferent arterioles rPF GFR

A

Macula densa sectetes adenosine which increases diameter of Afferent arterioles increasing RPF and GFR thus decreasing NA reabsorption .

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24
Q

If NACl is low شو بصير

A

بنروح بنادي على ال joggers cells we tell her to produce renin renin produce angiotensin which I will go and constrict eh]the efferent arterioles thus decreasing GFRand increasing NA reabsorption

25
Q

Function of the kidney

A

1 formation of urine
2 synthesis of
A glucose
B EPO erythropoietin
C vitamin D

26
Q

Renal blood supply % of the CO

A

25% of CO

27
Q

Renal blood supply amount

A

1.2L/min

28
Q

Renal plasma flow

A

660 ml/min

29
Q

Creatinine clearance

A

120ml/ min

30
Q

GFR

A

120ml/min

31
Q

Filtration fration

A

= GFR/ RPF
= 0.18 = 20% .

32
Q

Layers of the ureter 3 mention them

A

Outer layer fibrous layer
Middle layer muscular layer
Inner layer transitional epithelium layer

33
Q

When is the bladder stimulated

A

Bladder is stimulated at 300 ml volume .

34
Q

Nerve supply of the bladder is via

A

Le-frankenhauser plexus
Which is part of the inferior hypogastric plexus
Present at each side of the cervix

35
Q

Voiding is under which control and it’s mediated by what

A

Is under voluntary control mediated by pontine reticular formation at the cerebellum

36
Q

Bladder contractility is mediated by

A

Sacral spinal reflex

37
Q

Urethral function is external urethral sphincter is innervsted by

A

Pudendal nerve

38
Q

Mention the 3 phases of micturition

A

1 storage
2 initiation
3 voiding

39
Q

Storage is under which neural control

A

Is under sympathetic control T11-L2 ; which inhibit detrusor muscle contactility and stimulate internal sphincter thus closing it

40
Q

Initiation phase is under which neuronal supply

A

Is by parasympathetic s2 s3 s4 , which has inhibiting effect on the descending impulses of the sympathatic one thus stimulate detrusor muscle activity and inhibits internal sphincter so initiation of balladeer initiation phase before all of that pelvic floor muscle relaxation occurs .
Those parasympathetic fibers works on m2 , ,3 muscerenic receptors .

41
Q

Voiding phase is under somatic control by

A

Pudendal nerve when rising and falling urethral pressures equalize .

42
Q

Urethral fxn is mediated by

A

Pudendal nerve .

43
Q

https://youtu.be/Zl4VoTpxluQ
Study this video 3 times

A
44
Q

In bladder fill if ( storage) which is under sympathetic control
Ascending impulses pass from
————:——:_——-:———;——-
What does descending impulses do

A

Bladder wall receptors ( stretch receptors )—> pelvic splanchnic nerves—-> sacral roots s234—> lateral spine thalami’s tract —-> higher centers .
Descending impulses inhibit detrusor contraction . Via sympathatic nervous system .

45
Q

Voiding phase starts with what changes to the intravesical and urethral pressure changes

A

It start when the rising intravesical pressure and the falling urethral pressure equalize .

46
Q

Residual volume of the bladder

A

50 ml

47
Q

1st sensation to void at which volume of the bladder

A

At 200 ml

48
Q

Voiding volume

A

400 ml

49
Q

Maximum capacity of the bladder

A

600 ml

50
Q

Flow rate of urination

A

15ml/min .

51
Q

Neglicable rise in detrusor pressure at filling

A

<15 mmhg

52
Q

Maximum voiding detrusor pressure

A

<50 mmhg

53
Q

Intraurethral at rest when sphincter is contracted is

A

50-100mmhg

54
Q

During filling what happen to the detrusor pressure

A

There is absence of detrusor pressure while voiding .

55
Q

Parasympathetic impulses in the bladder work at which receptors

A

M3 m4 muscerinic receptors

56
Q

Sympathatic inhibitory fibers work on two types of receptors mention them with their site of each on

A

Alpha receptors on the bladder neck and urethra , increase outlet urethral sphincter resistance .
Beta receptors going on the detrusor muscle causes detrusor muscle relaxation .

57
Q

Trig one of the bladder site

A

On the posterior wall of the bladder

58
Q

Which is voluntary and unvoluntary EUS / IUD

A

EUS voluntary
IUS involuntary .

Physiology (13 decks)

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