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BOD II > Urinary Pathology > Flashcards

Urinary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

which pattern has a wedge or triangle pattern

A

vascular pattern

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2
Q

red swollen wedge shapes are indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

acute

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3
Q

red-rim, white/gray/tan center, swollen and wedge shaped is indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

subacute

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4
Q

white/grey/tan, sunken surface, tissue loss, scarring, wedge shaped is indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

chronic

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5
Q

why are infarcts triangular(wedge shaped)?

A

branching pattern of renal a.

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6
Q

which pattern is characterized by small white, tan, or red cortical dots, can be multifocal, usually bacterial

why does it have this pattern?

A

embolic/septic pattern

small thrombi and bacteria in bloodstream may settle in microvasculature of glomeruli

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7
Q

which pattern has pinpoint, uniform, pale, tan or red cortical dots

A

glomerular pattern

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8
Q

what is defined by any distension of the pelvis? what causes this?

A

pyelectasia

blocked ureter causing stretching/distension of renal pelvis - obstruction or ascending pyelonephritis

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9
Q

what is defined by severe distension of pelvis by fluid (urine), implies obstruction without infection/inflammation

A

hydronephrosis

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10
Q

which pattern has cortical or medullary streaks?

A

corticomedullary pattern

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11
Q

what is an appropriate sample for postmortem renal histopathology

A

sample that has cortex, medulla and pelvis
thickness no more than 1 cm

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12
Q

What clinical pathology feature(s) is/are suspicious for glomerular disease/protein losing nephropathy (PLN)?

A

proteinuria w/ hypoalbuminemia & Ig normal

sig proteinuria in dilute urine esp quiet sediment

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13
Q

2-3 causes of directly infectious glomerulonephritis

A

bacterial (often embolic pattern)
- Actinobacillus equuli
- E.coli
- Erysipelothrix

viral (glomerular pattern)
- porcine circovirus 2

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14
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in dogs

A
  1. immune mediated (IMHA, IMPA)
  2. chronic infections (chronic heartworm, chronic pyoderma, chronic pyometra, chronic prostatitis)
  3. infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus 1)
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15
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in cats

A

FIP, FELV, FIV
autoimmune diseases
chronic inflam conditions

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16
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in cattle

A

trypanosomiasis
BVDV

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17
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in pigs

A

hog cholera (swine fever)
african swine fever
streptococcal dz

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18
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in horses

A

streptococcus
equine infectious anemia

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19
Q

pathogenesis of noninfectious glomerulonephritis and Ig-Ag deposition

A

type III hypersensitivity
Ig-Ag deposit in tissues, particularly in filtration barrier of glomeruli

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20
Q

what is amyloid

A

protein deposit with beta-pleated sheet secondary structure
affinity for themselves

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21
Q

What are 2 common forms of renal amyloidosis in veterinary species? Which of these two forms is most common?

A

AA - serum amyloid A (MOST COMMON), immune-mediated disease or chronic infection

AL - monoclonal Ig light chains, plasma cell neoplasia or proliferations

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22
Q

Where in the kidney does amyloid typically deposit in canines?

A

renal glomeruli

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23
Q

By contrast, where in the kidney does amyloid typically deposit in feline cases? Gold star - what breed of cat is predisposed to renal amyloidosis?

A

rendal medulla

Abyssinian

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24
Q

What histologic stain do pathologists use to detect/confirm amyloid in tissues?

A

congo red

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25
Q

what is defined by the hardening or scarring of glomerular architecture, usually by fibrosis, it is the “end stage” of glomerular disease

A

glomerulosclerosis

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26
Q

What is the virus that causes FIP?

A

mutated feline enteric coronavirus

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27
Q

FIP clinical pathology findings and presentation

A

marked elevated gamma globulins
viscous yellow abd fluid
granulomatous & nodular kidneys
phlebitis/vasculitis near vessels
swollen belly, lethargy, fever, anorexia

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28
Q

describe FIP kidneys

A

white-yellow nodular fuzzy masses, granulomatous, along vessels
can have wedge shaped infarcts from vasculitis

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29
Q

List at least 5 nephrotoxins in small animals (dogs and cats)

A

Ethylene glycol
Grapes
lily
Blue green algae
Vitamin D

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30
Q

List at least 3 nephrotoxins in large animals (bovid/equid)

A

Oak in cattle
Lead in cattle
NSAIDs in equine

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31
Q

List 2 toxins that present with CONCURRENT liver and renal failure

A

blue green algae
amanitin (mushroom)

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32
Q

lab work characteristic of ethylene glycol toxicity

A

metabolic acidosis
azotemia
isosthenuria

33
Q

Name the crystal type expected in the UA of a patient with ethylene glycol toxicosis

A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

34
Q

List the two pigments that can cause “pigmentary nephrosis”

A

free Hb
free myoglobin

35
Q

diffusely dark red-blue-black kidney & pigmenturia; icertus in the pelvis is characteristic of what pattern

A

pigmentary nephrosis

36
Q

3-4 causes of pigmentary nephrosis

A

red maple leaves
neonatal isoerythrolysis
copper in sheep
capture myopathy/exertional rhabdomyolysis

37
Q

what does red maple leaves cause in horses

A

heinz body anemia
hemoglobinuria

38
Q

what does neonatal isoerythrolysis cause in foals

A

hemolysis
type II hypersensitivity

39
Q

what does Cu in sheep cause

A

heinz body anemia
hemoglobinuria

40
Q

Name a class of medication that causes papillary necrosis

pathogenesis?

A

NSAIDs esp horses

OD or chronic use - alters renal blood flow = ischemia

41
Q

kidney with some yellow, green or brown discoloration of renal pelvis is characteristic of what

A

papillary necrosis

42
Q

important zoonotic renal tubular pathogens that present with both acute renal and hepatic failure

A

leptospirosis
malignant catarrhal fever
encephalitozoon cuniculi

43
Q

Name an important renal tubular pathogen of rabbits

A

encephalitozoon cuniculi a microsporidian parasite

44
Q

What is the mutation that causes polycystic kidney disease?

A

mutation in PKD1 and/or PKD2 gene

45
Q

What breed of cat is predisposed to this polycystic kidney disease? What breed of dog?

A

persian cats
bull terrier dogs

46
Q

Are all urinary stones radio-opaque

A

no - only calcium oxalate, struvite, silicate

47
Q

What type of stone is most common in dogs?

A

struvites
associated with UTI

48
Q

What type of stones are most common in small ruminants?

A

struvite & calcium apatite
not associated with UTI - dietary & cx risk

49
Q

What stone is most common in rabbits and horses?

A

calcium carbonate stones

50
Q

What stone is currently most common in cats?

A

calcium oxalate stones

51
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of struvite stones in dogs - how do they develop?

A

staph & proteus urease-producing bacteria cause UTI = urea cleavage produces bicarb (increases urine pH) & ammonia (part of struvite) = formation

52
Q

What type of stone is associated with portosystemic shunts?

A

Ammonium biurate crystals and stones

53
Q

What are important dietary risk factors for stone formation in small ruminants?

A

avoid alfalfa/legumes high in protein and Ca

avoid grains high in protein, PO4, Ca

54
Q

How does castration influence the risk of urethral stone obstruction in small ruminants?

A

early castration (< 6 mo) predisposes obstruction

> 6 mo allows urethra develop to max diameter

55
Q

What are the 2 common sites for obstructive urethrolithiasis in small ruminants?

A

Urethral process
Sigmoid flexure

56
Q

what is characterized by a markedly distended, dark red turgid bladder wall

A

urethral obstruction

57
Q

List 2 anatomical anomalies that can predispose to urinary tract infection; recognize gross photos of these two anomalies

A
  1. ectopic ureter
  2. urachal remnant
58
Q

Explain how spinal/neurologic disease can predispose to urinary tract infection

A

neurogenic - failure to empty completely

59
Q

what is characterized by a Red bladder, NOT turgid, NOT distended

A

cystitis and non-obstructive bladder hemorrhage

60
Q

what is characterized by Too numerous to count (TNTC) pinpoint red, gray, white bladder foci

A

follicular (lymphofollicular) cystitis

61
Q

what is characterized by broad based single or multiple masses esp with history of UTI/stones

A

polypod cystitis

62
Q

what is the differential diagnosis for polypoid cystitis “inflam polyp”

A

cancer

63
Q

pathogenesis and cause of emphysematous cystitis

A

SA - uncontrolled DM
LA - IV dextrose or glucose

glucosuria = UTI with gas producing bacteria (E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter sp, Clostridium )

64
Q

Name a virus that causes hemorrhagic cystitis in cattle

A

Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, bison/buffalo

65
Q

Name a toxin/toxic plant that causes hemorrhage and bladder tumors in cattle

A

Bracken fern

66
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic that causes hemorrhagic cystitis in small animals

A

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)

67
Q

Name a toxic insect that, when ingested, causes hemorrhagic cystitis in horses

A

Blister beetles

68
Q

What is the most common primary urinary tract neoplasm of small domestic animals (dogs and cats)?

A

TCC

69
Q

What is the most common location of TCC (aka urothelial) carcinoma in the urinary tract?

A

bladder trigone

70
Q

What breed of dog is highly predisposed to TCC?

A

scottish terriers

71
Q

What gene is implicated in ~85% of canine patients with TCC?

A

BRAF gene

72
Q

What lab testing can be done to detect TCCs?

A

BRAF test
BRAF plus test (30mL urine)

73
Q

What toxic plant can predispose to bladder tumors in bovids? Name the toxin.

A

bracken fern

ptaquiloside toxin

74
Q

What is the most common primary kidney neoplasm of pigs, chicken, fish?

A

nephroblastoma

75
Q

What gene is implicated in nephroblastoma?

A

Mutation in WT1 (wilms tumor 1) gene

76
Q

Nephroblastoma can sometimes be found in an extrarenal location; name this specific location.

A

T10-L3 spinal canal

77
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome can occur with nephroblastoma?

A

polycythemia due to extra EPO production in dogs

78
Q

5 non-renal lesions of renal failure

A
  1. uremic glossitis
  2. metastatis mineralization to stomach, lung, pleura, kidney
  3. secondary hyperparathyroidism (bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia and/or rubber jaw)
  4. hypertension (retinal detachment/blindness)

BOD II (9 decks)

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