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BOD II > Urinary Pathology > Flashcards

Urinary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

which pattern has a wedge or triangle pattern

A

vascular pattern

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2
Q

red swollen wedge shapes are indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

acute

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3
Q

red-rim, white/gray/tan center, swollen and wedge shaped is indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

subacute

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4
Q

white/grey/tan, sunken surface, tissue loss, scarring, wedge shaped is indicative of acute/subacute/chronic infarction?

A

chronic

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5
Q

why are infarcts triangular(wedge shaped)?

A

branching pattern of renal a.

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6
Q

which pattern is characterized by small white, tan, or red cortical dots, can be multifocal, usually bacterial

why does it have this pattern?

A

embolic/septic pattern

small thrombi and bacteria in bloodstream may settle in microvasculature of glomeruli

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7
Q

which pattern has pinpoint, uniform, pale, tan or red cortical dots

A

glomerular pattern

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8
Q

what is defined by any distension of the pelvis? what causes this?

A

pyelectasia

blocked ureter causing stretching/distension of renal pelvis - obstruction or ascending pyelonephritis

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9
Q

what is defined by severe distension of pelvis by fluid (urine), implies obstruction without infection/inflammation

A

hydronephrosis

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10
Q

which pattern has cortical or medullary streaks?

A

corticomedullary pattern

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11
Q

what is an appropriate sample for postmortem renal histopathology

A

sample that has cortex, medulla and pelvis
thickness no more than 1 cm

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12
Q

What clinical pathology feature(s) is/are suspicious for glomerular disease/protein losing nephropathy (PLN)?

A

proteinuria w/ hypoalbuminemia & Ig normal

sig proteinuria in dilute urine esp quiet sediment

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13
Q

2-3 causes of directly infectious glomerulonephritis

A

bacterial (often embolic pattern)
- Actinobacillus equuli
- E.coli
- Erysipelothrix

viral (glomerular pattern)
- porcine circovirus 2

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14
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in dogs

A
  1. immune mediated (IMHA, IMPA)
  2. chronic infections (chronic heartworm, chronic pyoderma, chronic pyometra, chronic prostatitis)
  3. infectious canine hepatitis (canine adenovirus 1)
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15
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in cats

A

FIP, FELV, FIV
autoimmune diseases
chronic inflam conditions

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16
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in cattle

A

trypanosomiasis
BVDV

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17
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in pigs

A

hog cholera (swine fever)
african swine fever
streptococcal dz

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18
Q

2-3 causes of indirect/non-infectious glomerulonephritis (immune-complex deposition Ig-Ag) in horses

A

streptococcus
equine infectious anemia

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19
Q

pathogenesis of noninfectious glomerulonephritis and Ig-Ag deposition

A

type III hypersensitivity
Ig-Ag deposit in tissues, particularly in filtration barrier of glomeruli

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20
Q

what is amyloid

A

protein deposit with beta-pleated sheet secondary structure
affinity for themselves

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21
Q

What are 2 common forms of renal amyloidosis in veterinary species? Which of these two forms is most common?

A

AA - serum amyloid A (MOST COMMON), immune-mediated disease or chronic infection

AL - monoclonal Ig light chains, plasma cell neoplasia or proliferations

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22
Q

Where in the kidney does amyloid typically deposit in canines?

A

renal glomeruli

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23
Q

By contrast, where in the kidney does amyloid typically deposit in feline cases? Gold star - what breed of cat is predisposed to renal amyloidosis?

A

rendal medulla

Abyssinian

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24
Q

What histologic stain do pathologists use to detect/confirm amyloid in tissues?

A

congo red

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25
what is defined by the hardening or scarring of glomerular architecture, usually by fibrosis, it is the “end stage” of glomerular disease
glomerulosclerosis
26
What is the virus that causes FIP?
mutated feline enteric coronavirus
27
FIP clinical pathology findings and presentation
marked elevated gamma globulins viscous yellow abd fluid granulomatous & nodular kidneys phlebitis/vasculitis near vessels swollen belly, lethargy, fever, anorexia
28
describe FIP kidneys
white-yellow nodular fuzzy masses, granulomatous, along vessels can have wedge shaped infarcts from vasculitis
29
List at least 5 nephrotoxins in small animals (dogs and cats)
Ethylene glycol Grapes lily Blue green algae Vitamin D
30
List at least 3 nephrotoxins in large animals (bovid/equid)
Oak in cattle Lead in cattle NSAIDs in equine
31
List 2 toxins that present with CONCURRENT liver and renal failure
blue green algae amanitin (mushroom)
32
lab work characteristic of ethylene glycol toxicity
metabolic acidosis azotemia isosthenuria
33
Name the crystal type expected in the UA of a patient with ethylene glycol toxicosis
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
34
List the two pigments that can cause “pigmentary nephrosis”
free Hb free myoglobin
35
diffusely dark red-blue-black kidney & pigmenturia; icertus in the pelvis is characteristic of what pattern
pigmentary nephrosis
36
3-4 causes of pigmentary nephrosis
red maple leaves neonatal isoerythrolysis copper in sheep capture myopathy/exertional rhabdomyolysis
37
what does red maple leaves cause in horses
heinz body anemia hemoglobinuria
38
what does neonatal isoerythrolysis cause in foals
hemolysis type II hypersensitivity
39
what does Cu in sheep cause
heinz body anemia hemoglobinuria
40
Name a class of medication that causes papillary necrosis pathogenesis?
NSAIDs esp horses OD or chronic use - alters renal blood flow = ischemia
41
kidney with some yellow, green or brown discoloration of renal pelvis is characteristic of what
papillary necrosis
42
important zoonotic renal tubular pathogens that present with both acute renal and hepatic failure
leptospirosis malignant catarrhal fever encephalitozoon cuniculi
43
Name an important renal tubular pathogen of rabbits
encephalitozoon cuniculi a microsporidian parasite
44
What is the mutation that causes polycystic kidney disease?
mutation in PKD1 and/or PKD2 gene
45
What breed of cat is predisposed to this polycystic kidney disease? What breed of dog?
persian cats bull terrier dogs
46
Are all urinary stones radio-opaque
no - only calcium oxalate, struvite, silicate
47
What type of stone is most common in dogs?
struvites associated with UTI
48
What type of stones are most common in small ruminants?
struvite & calcium apatite not associated with UTI - dietary & cx risk
49
What stone is most common in rabbits and horses?
calcium carbonate stones
50
What stone is currently most common in cats?
calcium oxalate stones
51
Explain the pathogenesis of struvite stones in dogs - how do they develop?
staph & proteus urease-producing bacteria cause UTI = urea cleavage produces bicarb (increases urine pH) & ammonia (part of struvite) = formation
52
What type of stone is associated with portosystemic shunts?
Ammonium biurate crystals and stones
53
What are important dietary risk factors for stone formation in small ruminants?
avoid alfalfa/legumes high in protein and Ca avoid grains high in protein, PO4, Ca
54
How does castration influence the risk of urethral stone obstruction in small ruminants?
early castration (< 6 mo) predisposes obstruction > 6 mo allows urethra develop to max diameter
55
What are the 2 common sites for obstructive urethrolithiasis in small ruminants?
Urethral process Sigmoid flexure
56
what is characterized by a markedly distended, dark red turgid bladder wall
urethral obstruction
57
List 2 anatomical anomalies that can predispose to urinary tract infection; recognize gross photos of these two anomalies
1. ectopic ureter 2. urachal remnant
58
Explain how spinal/neurologic disease can predispose to urinary tract infection
neurogenic - failure to empty completely
59
what is characterized by a Red bladder, NOT turgid, NOT distended
cystitis and non-obstructive bladder hemorrhage
60
what is characterized by Too numerous to count (TNTC) pinpoint red, gray, white bladder foci
follicular (lymphofollicular) cystitis
61
what is characterized by broad based single or multiple masses esp with history of UTI/stones
polypod cystitis
62
what is the differential diagnosis for polypoid cystitis "inflam polyp"
cancer
63
pathogenesis and cause of emphysematous cystitis
SA - uncontrolled DM LA - IV dextrose or glucose glucosuria = UTI with gas producing bacteria (E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter sp, Clostridium )
64
Name a virus that causes hemorrhagic cystitis in cattle
Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, bison/buffalo
65
Name a toxin/toxic plant that causes hemorrhage and bladder tumors in cattle
Bracken fern
66
Name a chemotherapeutic that causes hemorrhagic cystitis in small animals
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
67
Name a toxic insect that, when ingested, causes hemorrhagic cystitis in horses
Blister beetles
68
What is the most common primary urinary tract neoplasm of small domestic animals (dogs and cats)?
TCC
69
What is the most common location of TCC (aka urothelial) carcinoma in the urinary tract?
bladder trigone
70
What breed of dog is highly predisposed to TCC?
scottish terriers
71
What gene is implicated in ~85% of canine patients with TCC?
BRAF gene
72
What lab testing can be done to detect TCCs?
BRAF test BRAF plus test (30mL urine)
73
What toxic plant can predispose to bladder tumors in bovids? Name the toxin.
bracken fern ptaquiloside toxin
74
What is the most common primary kidney neoplasm of pigs, chicken, fish?
nephroblastoma
75
What gene is implicated in nephroblastoma?
Mutation in WT1 (wilms tumor 1) gene
76
Nephroblastoma can sometimes be found in an extrarenal location; name this specific location.
T10-L3 spinal canal
77
What paraneoplastic syndrome can occur with nephroblastoma?
polycythemia due to extra EPO production in dogs
78
5 non-renal lesions of renal failure
1. uremic glossitis 2. metastatis mineralization to stomach, lung, pleura, kidney 3. secondary hyperparathyroidism (bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia and/or rubber jaw) 4. hypertension (retinal detachment/blindness)

BOD II (9 decks)

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