GI Part 1 Flashcards
palatoschisis or cleft palate sequela
starvation
aspiration pneumonia
common cause of cyclopia and cleft palate
toxic plants - veratrum californicum (day 14) and lupine (day 40-50)
brachygnathia inferior
shortened mandible
prognathism
mandible protrusion
agnathia
loss of mandible
causes of vesicular stomatitis and affected species
foot & mouth disease - cloven hoofed species (swine, cow , sheep) not horses
vesicular stomatitis virus - horses
vesicular exanthema - swine
bacterial causes of stomatitis
actinomyces bovis “lumpy jaw”
actinobacillus lingnieresii “wooden tongue”
Necrobacillosis (F. necrophorum) “calf diphtheria”
infectious stomatitis “mouth rot in reptile”
Actinomyces bovis pathogenesis
“lumpy jaw”
normal oral bacteria
invades via penetrating wound
destroy bone
pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
Actinobacillus lingnieresii pathogenesis
“wooden tongue”
yellow granules exude from ulcerated tongue surface, sulfur granules
Fusobacterium necrophorum pathogenesis
necrobacillosis “calf diphtheria”
trauma to oral cavity, infection, then coagulative necrosis
infectious stomatitis “mouth rot” in reptiles pathogenesis
stress, immunocompromised, normal bacterial overgrowth
what disease in cats causes severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammation on the premolar/molars or caudal oral mucosa lateral to the palatoglossal folds and is often treated by teeth extraction
feline lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis
what disease causes oral granulomas “rodent ulcers” on the lips or anywhere in the mouth
eosinophilic stomatitis
what is the most common canine oral neoplasia
melanoma
what is the most common feline oral neoplasia
squamous cell carcinoma
causes of oral trauma
physical
chemical
traumatic
causes of teeth dysplasia
agenesis/anodontia (primary)
oligodontia (primary)
polyodonatia (primary)
enamel hypoplasia (secondary)
causes of enamel hypoplasia
canine distemper virus
BVDV intrauterine infection
malnutrition
vitamin ACD, Ca, P deficiency
important sequela of abnormal teeth wear in large animals
wave mouth
infection
loss
damage
dental fractures
surrounding soft tissue damage
causes of teeth discoloration
yellow?
orange/red?
brown?
tetracyclines = yellow
porphyrins = orange/red
fluorosis = brown
sequela of peridontal disease
Tooth loss due to destruction of periodontal ligament
Pulpitis
Tooth root abscess
Bacteremia → heart disease (endocarditis)
how can you tell the difference between a salivary gland and lymph node grossly?
salivary gland - pale, lobules, firm
LN - homogenous, cortex/medulla, diff colors
common diseases of the salivary gland
salivary cyst
ranula (sublingual, submaxillary gland)
mucocele (pseudocyst)
sialadenitis (infectious or foreign body)
infarction
Sialolithiasis
neoplasia
what is the difference in pathogenesis of ulcerative glossitis between carnivores and herbivores
carnivores - high BUN causes vasculitis > thrombosis > infarction + caustic effect from ammonia due to urease producing bacteria
herbivores - high blood & salivary urea > GI bacteria split urea > ammonia local caustic effect
congenital causes of megaesophagus
persistent right 4th aortic arach (vascular ring)
idiopathic denervation
acquired causes of megaesophagus
NM (myasthenia gravis, polymyositis)
Chaga’s disease
hypothyroidism
lead poisoning
what are the 4 common sites of choke
over the larynx
thoracic inlet
base of heart
diaphragmatic hiatus
sequela of choke
perforation that will lead to…
pneumonia, pleuritis
cellulitis
stenosis
periesophageal adhesions
sequela of Spirocerca lupi infection
nodules in distal esophagus
rupture aorta
granulomatous inflam, fibrosis
fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma
common esophageal neoplasia
sarcoma
lymphoma
papilloma
squamous cell carcinoma
types of bloat in ruminants
primary - frothy bloat (diet)
secondary - gaseous bloat (obstruction, stenosis)
pathogenesis of frothy bloat
change in diet to legumes (alfalfa, grains) that lower rumen pH, stabilize foam, and then foam mixes with rumen contents and blocks cardia preventing eructation and resulting in bloat
pathogenesis of grain overload
sudden feed change
sequelae of grain overload
bacterial ruminitis
mycotic ruminitis
pathogenesis of rumenitis-liver abscess complex
rapidly fermentable grain causes acidosis and damage to mucosa with Fusobacterium necrophorum resulting in abscesses and inflam
sequela of rumenitis-liver abscess complex
multifocal hepatic abscesses
caudal vena cava pyemia
pulmonary embolic pneumonia & hemorrhage
sudden death
pulmonary emboli from ruminitis-liver abscess complex is due to what three things
- rupture of hepatic abscess into caudal vena cava
- vegetative valvular endocarditis (tricuspid valve)
- jugular thrombosis
what is caused by lactic acidosis, mechanical injury and antibiotics and grossly look circular with well delineated lesions
fungi can be angioinvasive and infarct vessels
mycotic ruminitis
common dog breeds associated with GDV
large barrel chested dogs - german shepherds, bulldogs, great danes
pathogenesis of GDV
dilated stomach and displacement compress the diaphragm, vena cava, and portal v resulting in decreased venous return, decreased CO and shock
How do you distinguish antemortem from postmortem gastric rupture?
antemortem - edges have inflam, rougher, hemorrhage, fibrin
postmortem - no edge change, thin
causes of displaced abomasum
high grain diet
hypocalcemia
pathogenesis of displaced abomasum
fermentation of high grain diet and hypocalcemia cause production of gas recently after parturition and displaces abomasum to cranial left abdomen resulting in obstruction, HCL secretion, hypocholeremia and metabolic alkalosis
How is left and right displaced abomasum different?
left - seldom fatal, requires surgery, dairy cows, older/high producers, post-calving, results in abomasal ulcers and fibrous adhesions
right - can be fatal, causes vagus n trauma
Causes and clinical signs of gastric ulcers
bleeding out in abdominal cavity
pale color
melena
Cause of braxy in ruminants (usually lambs/sheep)
Clostridium septicum
what parasite results in blood loss, anemia & “bottle jaw” due to protein losing gastropathy
haemonchus contortus (sheep/goat)
haemonchus placei (cattle)
what parasite causes mucosal metaplasia/hyerplasia and has a type I & II
teladorsagia circumcinctan (sheep/goats)
Ostertagia ostertagi (cattle)
equine gastric parasites
Gasterophilus intestinalis
Gasterophilus nasalis
Draschia megastoma
Trichostrongylus axei
common malignant gastric neoplasia in horses
squamous cell carcinomas
common malignant gastric neoplasias
SCC
adenocarcinoma
lymphoma
leiomyosarcoma
common malignant gastric neoplasia in canines
adenocarcinoma
common malignant gastric neoplasia in abomasum
lymphoma
what malignant gastric neoplasia is characterized by a smooth surface and on the cut surface is white, bulges, soft
lymphoma
what gastric neoplasia is firm but does NOT buldge
leiomyosarcoma
