Reproductive Flashcards
components of the indifferent stage
gonad
mesonephros
mullerian duct
wolffian duct
without proper stimulation, the repro tract naturally differentiates into what gonadal and external phenotype?
female
mullerian duct gives rise to what structures
fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
what causes masculinization
XY chromosome
SRY gene
TDF (testis determining factor)
sertoli cells produce what hormone? function?
anti-mullerian hormones (AMH)
prevents feminization
leydig cells produce what hormone? function?
testosterone
development of male tubular and external genitalia
XXY/XXX
disorder?
example?
aneuploidy - Kleinefelter-like syndrome
tortoiseshell or calico male cats
X_
disorder?
aneuploidy - turner-like syndrome
describe freemartinism in cattle…
disorder?
pathogenesis?
what hormones are involved and what do they do?
result?
chimera (both XX & XY)
male/female twins with anastomosis of blood supple REQUIRED
AMH & testosterone from TDF suppress feminization
masculinized, 92% sterile female while male is unaffected
gross lesions of freemartinism
remnant seminal vesicle
blind-ended vagina (normal 13-15 cm)
lack cervix
some degree of ovotestes
what are XX genotype disorders? examples?
XX female genotype with ambiguous phenotype
- ovarian cysts
- ovotestes
- complete sex reversal (male phenotype due to SRY-like gene on X chromosome)
what are the 3 causes of XX genotype disorder?
- gene expression abnormalities
- excess endo/exo steroids
- idiopathic
what are XY genotype disorders? what are the two examples?
XY male genotype with female phenotype
1. SRY +
2. SRY -
cause of XY disorders SRY +
example:
androgen insensitivity due to loss of receptors = external genitalia develop with female differentiation, tubular can be male
ovotestes
cryptorchidism
cause of XY SRY - disorders
no SRY gene = complete female phenotype
can range from poorly formed testicle to full ovary or full sex reversal
how do you name a hermaphrodite?
primarily based on gonads
name the pseudohermaphrodite:
testicle + female phenotype
male pseudohermaphrodite
name the pseudohermaphrodite:
ovary + male phenotype
female pseudohermaphrodite
name the hermaphrodite: both gonads present (ovotestis)
true hermaphrodite
sex chromosome disorders examples
aneuploidy & chimera
follicular cysts
mechanism?
species?
based on ___?
ovulation fails to occur due to no LH surge so follicle continues to grow
dairy cattle
size (cow > 2.5cm)
what is the key difference between luteal cysts and cystic lutea-incidental
lack of ovulation leads to no ovulation papilla in luteinized cyst
luteinized cyst mechanism and has what?
anovulatory follicle with theca cells that undergo luteinization
thick-walled cells composed of luteal cells and fibrous capsule
most common cysts of small animals and horses?
subsurface epithelial cyst
- not related to follicles
- precancerous
most common ovarian neoplasia in dog, cow and horse?
granulosa-theca cell tumor
horses are poster-child
what type of tumor is unilateral with smooth surface, benign, cystic and can be large?
granulosa-theca cell tumor
effects of granulosa-theca cell tumor
hormones secretion - testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone
- behavior change (masculine)
- persistent estrus/anestrus
- rupture = hemoabdomen
what diagnostic would you run to diagnose a granulosa-theca cell tumor?
serum anti-mullerian hormone
tumor > 4 ng/ml
layers of the uterus
- endometrium (glandular)
- myometrium (muscle)
- perimetrium (outer lining)
abnormalities of position or location of uterus
torsion
prolapse
rupture
cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is often associated with what
pyometra
CEH pathogenesis
increased endo/exo estrogen = progesterone primed epithelium = progesterone stimulation/diestrus = hyperplastic epithelium, cystic glands, pyometra
most common bacterial isolate of pyometra/cause of metritis in all domestic species
E.coli
true or false
Always see CEH with pyometra, but don’t always see pyometra with CEH
true
common causes of endometritis
taylorella equigenitalis
E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
Trichomoniasis
Brucellosis
cause of uterine leiomyomas in german shepherds
gene mutation
what skin lesion does this cause
paraneoplastic syndrome of polycystic renal adenocarcinoma
BHD gene
nodular dermal fibrosis
viral cause of bovine uterine lymphoma
bovine leukosis virus (BLV)
infectious vulvovaginitis agents
EHV-3 = equine coital exanthema
BHV-1 = infectious bovine pustular vulvovaginitis
what vaginal/vulvar neoplasia has a distinct cytology of “pleomorphic round cells with punctate cytoplasmic vacuoles”
transmissible venereal tumor
most common route of mastitis
ascending route bacterial infections
mastitis that affects one quarter?
multiple quarters?
E.coli - coliform mastitis
Mycoplasma - M.bovis
type of mastitis that causes…
sudden agalactia
intramammary & hematogenous routes
rapid spread (highly contagious)
lymphocytic/histiocytic interstitial mastitis with glandular hyperplasia
multiple quarters
Mycoplasma bovis mastitis
preferred diagnostic for M.bovis
PCR (no aerobic growth)
causes of viral mastitis
Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia)
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
feline mammary carcinoma prognosis for > 3 cm? < 2 cm?
> 3 cm = 6 months
< 2 cm = 3 years
is a whole chain mastectomy or lumpectomy preferred?
whole chain mastectomy tend to have a longer MST
true or false
most feline mammary carcinomas are malignant/high grade & dogs benign
true
samples for abortion?
which is the most important?
placenta, fetus, maternal samples (like serum)
uterine samples when placenta not available
placenta most important
incidental structures in the placenta
twisting
amnionic plaques
abortion in Bison
placenta retained
Brucella
what does chlamydia cause
ovine enzootic abortion
what does listeria monocytogenes cause
encephalitis in adult animals
campylobacter causes abortion at what stage of pregnancy
description?
any stage
necrotizing hepatitis “target lesions” in sheep
viral cause of abortion in pigs
Porcine Repro and Resp Syndrome (PRRS)
Porcine CIrcovirus-2
Porcino parvovirus
what does porcine circovirus-2 cause besides abortion in early or mid-gestation infection
myocarditis and cardiomegaly
porcine parvovirus will cause embryonic death at what time of infection
< 30 days
viral causes of abortion in cattle
BVDV
BHV-1
BVDV will cause fetal death, abortion and mummification at what time of infection
50-100 days
BVDV will cause term calf with malformations at what time of infection
100-150 days
BVDV will cause a PI calf at what time of infection
2-4 months
BVDV will cause a transient infection at what time of infection
> 4 months
what causes viral abortion storms in NAIVE CATTLE
BHV-1
viral causes of abortion in horses
fetus and placenta are ____
EHV-1
Equine viral arteritis
fresh
viral causes of abortion in dogs
what does this result in
CHV-1
neonatal death, turkey egg kidney
what type of spread does mycotic (aspergillus fumigatus & zygomycetes) have in mares
ascending infection
gross lesions of mycotic abortion
hyperkeratosis
no internal lesions
“cupping” of necrotizing placenta
what parasite causes mid-term abortion
neospora caninum
what parasite causes mummified/resorbed fetus during early infection & cotyledonary necrosis
toxoplasma gondii
what parasite is present in fetal fluid, abortion in first half of pregnancy and causes placenta cotyledonary hemorrhages
tritrichomonas foetus
what protects the testicles from immune system
blood-testis barrier created by sertoli cells and basement membrane
what tumor is yellow, well demarcated, firm-semi-firm, cystic +/- hemorrhage, does not produce testosterone
leydig cell tumor
what tumor is firm, fibrous, does not bulge on cut section, pale tan-white
sertoli cell tumor
what tumor is soft, pale tan to pink +/- hemorrhage, bulges on cut surface
seminoma
prostatic hyperplasia is from what?
hormonal imbalance
prostatic neoplasia (canine prostatic carcinoma) is not ______ so _____ is not protective
not hormonally induced
castration is not protective
cause of posthitis
C. renale
cause of balanoposthitis
EHV-3, BHV-1, CHV-1
C. renale
pathogenesis of C. renale causing balanoposthitis and posthitis
increase protein diet increases urea causing local injury/irritation via production of ammonia
what causes penile fibropapillomas in bulls
bovine papilloma virus 1
what causes penile squamous cell carcinomas in geldings and stallions
equine papillomavirus 2
what has a classic cytology of pleomorphic round cells with vacuolated cytoplasm
canine transmissible venereal tumor
