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BOD II > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

components of the indifferent stage

A

gonad
mesonephros
mullerian duct
wolffian duct

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2
Q

without proper stimulation, the repro tract naturally differentiates into what gonadal and external phenotype?

A

female

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3
Q

mullerian duct gives rise to what structures

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix

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4
Q

what causes masculinization

A

XY chromosome
SRY gene
TDF (testis determining factor)

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5
Q

sertoli cells produce what hormone? function?

A

anti-mullerian hormones (AMH)
prevents feminization

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6
Q

leydig cells produce what hormone? function?

A

testosterone
development of male tubular and external genitalia

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7
Q

XXY/XXX
disorder?
example?

A

aneuploidy - Kleinefelter-like syndrome
tortoiseshell or calico male cats

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8
Q

X_
disorder?

A

aneuploidy - turner-like syndrome

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9
Q

describe freemartinism in cattle…
disorder?
pathogenesis?
what hormones are involved and what do they do?
result?

A

chimera (both XX & XY)
male/female twins with anastomosis of blood supple REQUIRED
AMH & testosterone from TDF suppress feminization
masculinized, 92% sterile female while male is unaffected

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10
Q

gross lesions of freemartinism

A

remnant seminal vesicle
blind-ended vagina (normal 13-15 cm)
lack cervix
some degree of ovotestes

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11
Q

what are XX genotype disorders? examples?

A

XX female genotype with ambiguous phenotype
- ovarian cysts
- ovotestes
- complete sex reversal (male phenotype due to SRY-like gene on X chromosome)

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12
Q

what are the 3 causes of XX genotype disorder?

A
  1. gene expression abnormalities
  2. excess endo/exo steroids
  3. idiopathic
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13
Q

what are XY genotype disorders? what are the two examples?

A

XY male genotype with female phenotype
1. SRY +
2. SRY -

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14
Q

cause of XY disorders SRY +
example:

A

androgen insensitivity due to loss of receptors = external genitalia develop with female differentiation, tubular can be male
ovotestes
cryptorchidism

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15
Q

cause of XY SRY - disorders

A

no SRY gene = complete female phenotype
can range from poorly formed testicle to full ovary or full sex reversal

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16
Q

how do you name a hermaphrodite?

A

primarily based on gonads

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17
Q

name the pseudohermaphrodite:
testicle + female phenotype

A

male pseudohermaphrodite

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18
Q

name the pseudohermaphrodite:
ovary + male phenotype

A

female pseudohermaphrodite

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19
Q

name the hermaphrodite: both gonads present (ovotestis)

A

true hermaphrodite

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20
Q

sex chromosome disorders examples

A

aneuploidy & chimera

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21
Q

follicular cysts
mechanism?
species?
based on ___?

A

ovulation fails to occur due to no LH surge so follicle continues to grow
dairy cattle
size (cow > 2.5cm)

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22
Q

what is the key difference between luteal cysts and cystic lutea-incidental

A

lack of ovulation leads to no ovulation papilla in luteinized cyst

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23
Q

luteinized cyst mechanism and has what?

A

anovulatory follicle with theca cells that undergo luteinization
thick-walled cells composed of luteal cells and fibrous capsule

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24
Q

most common cysts of small animals and horses?

A

subsurface epithelial cyst
- not related to follicles
- precancerous

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25
Q

most common ovarian neoplasia in dog, cow and horse?

A

granulosa-theca cell tumor

horses are poster-child

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26
Q

what type of tumor is unilateral with smooth surface, benign, cystic and can be large?

A

granulosa-theca cell tumor

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27
Q

effects of granulosa-theca cell tumor

A

hormones secretion - testosterone, inhibin, estrogen, progesterone, anti-mullerian hormone
- behavior change (masculine)
- persistent estrus/anestrus
- rupture = hemoabdomen

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28
Q

what diagnostic would you run to diagnose a granulosa-theca cell tumor?

A

serum anti-mullerian hormone

tumor > 4 ng/ml

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29
Q

layers of the uterus

A
  1. endometrium (glandular)
  2. myometrium (muscle)
  3. perimetrium (outer lining)
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30
Q

abnormalities of position or location of uterus

A

torsion
prolapse
rupture

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31
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is often associated with what

A

pyometra

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32
Q

CEH pathogenesis

A

increased endo/exo estrogen = progesterone primed epithelium = progesterone stimulation/diestrus = hyperplastic epithelium, cystic glands, pyometra

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33
Q

most common bacterial isolate of pyometra/cause of metritis in all domestic species

A

E.coli

34
Q

true or false
Always see CEH with pyometra, but don’t always see pyometra with CEH

A

true

35
Q

common causes of endometritis

A

taylorella equigenitalis
E.coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella
Trichomoniasis
Brucellosis

36
Q

cause of uterine leiomyomas in german shepherds
gene mutation
what skin lesion does this cause

A

paraneoplastic syndrome of polycystic renal adenocarcinoma
BHD gene
nodular dermal fibrosis

37
Q

viral cause of bovine uterine lymphoma

A

bovine leukosis virus (BLV)

38
Q

infectious vulvovaginitis agents

A

EHV-3 = equine coital exanthema
BHV-1 = infectious bovine pustular vulvovaginitis

39
Q

what vaginal/vulvar neoplasia has a distinct cytology of “pleomorphic round cells with punctate cytoplasmic vacuoles”

A

transmissible venereal tumor

40
Q

most common route of mastitis

A

ascending route bacterial infections

41
Q

mastitis that affects one quarter?

multiple quarters?

A

E.coli - coliform mastitis

Mycoplasma - M.bovis

42
Q

type of mastitis that causes…
sudden agalactia
intramammary & hematogenous routes
rapid spread (highly contagious)
lymphocytic/histiocytic interstitial mastitis with glandular hyperplasia
multiple quarters

A

Mycoplasma bovis mastitis

43
Q

preferred diagnostic for M.bovis

A

PCR (no aerobic growth)

44
Q

causes of viral mastitis

A

Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia)
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

45
Q

feline mammary carcinoma prognosis for > 3 cm? < 2 cm?

A

> 3 cm = 6 months
< 2 cm = 3 years

46
Q

is a whole chain mastectomy or lumpectomy preferred?

A

whole chain mastectomy tend to have a longer MST

47
Q

true or false
most feline mammary carcinomas are malignant/high grade & dogs benign

A

true

48
Q

samples for abortion?
which is the most important?

A

placenta, fetus, maternal samples (like serum)

uterine samples when placenta not available

placenta most important

49
Q

incidental structures in the placenta

A

twisting
amnionic plaques

50
Q

abortion in Bison
placenta retained

A

Brucella

51
Q

what does chlamydia cause

A

ovine enzootic abortion

52
Q

what does listeria monocytogenes cause

A

encephalitis in adult animals

53
Q

campylobacter causes abortion at what stage of pregnancy

description?

A

any stage

necrotizing hepatitis “target lesions” in sheep

54
Q

viral cause of abortion in pigs

A

Porcine Repro and Resp Syndrome (PRRS)
Porcine CIrcovirus-2
Porcino parvovirus

55
Q

what does porcine circovirus-2 cause besides abortion in early or mid-gestation infection

A

myocarditis and cardiomegaly

56
Q

porcine parvovirus will cause embryonic death at what time of infection

A

< 30 days

57
Q

viral causes of abortion in cattle

A

BVDV
BHV-1

58
Q

BVDV will cause fetal death, abortion and mummification at what time of infection

A

50-100 days

59
Q

BVDV will cause term calf with malformations at what time of infection

A

100-150 days

60
Q

BVDV will cause a PI calf at what time of infection

A

2-4 months

61
Q

BVDV will cause a transient infection at what time of infection

A

> 4 months

62
Q

what causes viral abortion storms in NAIVE CATTLE

A

BHV-1

63
Q

viral causes of abortion in horses

fetus and placenta are ____

A

EHV-1
Equine viral arteritis

fresh

64
Q

viral causes of abortion in dogs

what does this result in

A

CHV-1

neonatal death, turkey egg kidney

65
Q

what type of spread does mycotic (aspergillus fumigatus & zygomycetes) have in mares

A

ascending infection

66
Q

gross lesions of mycotic abortion

A

hyperkeratosis
no internal lesions
“cupping” of necrotizing placenta

67
Q

what parasite causes mid-term abortion

A

neospora caninum

68
Q

what parasite causes mummified/resorbed fetus during early infection & cotyledonary necrosis

A

toxoplasma gondii

69
Q

what parasite is present in fetal fluid, abortion in first half of pregnancy and causes placenta cotyledonary hemorrhages

A

tritrichomonas foetus

70
Q

what protects the testicles from immune system

A

blood-testis barrier created by sertoli cells and basement membrane

71
Q

what tumor is yellow, well demarcated, firm-semi-firm, cystic +/- hemorrhage, does not produce testosterone

A

leydig cell tumor

72
Q

what tumor is firm, fibrous, does not bulge on cut section, pale tan-white

A

sertoli cell tumor

73
Q

what tumor is soft, pale tan to pink +/- hemorrhage, bulges on cut surface

A

seminoma

74
Q

prostatic hyperplasia is from what?

A

hormonal imbalance

75
Q

prostatic neoplasia (canine prostatic carcinoma) is not ______ so _____ is not protective

A

not hormonally induced
castration is not protective

76
Q

cause of posthitis

A

C. renale

77
Q

cause of balanoposthitis

A

EHV-3, BHV-1, CHV-1
C. renale

78
Q

pathogenesis of C. renale causing balanoposthitis and posthitis

A

increase protein diet increases urea causing local injury/irritation via production of ammonia

79
Q

what causes penile fibropapillomas in bulls

A

bovine papilloma virus 1

80
Q

what causes penile squamous cell carcinomas in geldings and stallions

A

equine papillomavirus 2

81
Q

what has a classic cytology of pleomorphic round cells with vacuolated cytoplasm

A

canine transmissible venereal tumor

BOD II (9 decks)

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