Cardiology

Question 1

insufficiency/regurgitation
type of hypertrophy?
increased preload or afterload?
congenital or acquired?

Answer 1

eccentric hypertrophy
increased preload
both congenital & acquired

Question 2

stenotic valves
type of hypertrophy?
increased preload or afterload?
congenital or acquired?

Answer 2

concentric hypertrophy
increased afterload
both congenital & acquired

Question 3

causes of left ventricular failure? what do these result in?

Answer 3

infarction of left ventricle
acute myocarditis
bacterial endocarditis
conduction failure

pulmonary congestion/edema or left atrial dilation

Question 4

causes of right ventricular failure? what do these result in?

Answer 4

infarction of right ventricle
acute myocarditis
pulmonary thrombosis or thromboembolism

systemic venous congestion

Question 5

causes of biventricular failure

signs?

Answer 5

acute severe myocarditis
cardiac tamponade

right heart failure signs then left

Question 6

cor pulmonale

Answer 6

right heart failure secondary to pulmonary disease

often due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dirofilarisis, or pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 7

acute cor pulmonale

Answer 7

secondary to thromboembolism in pulmonary a. or large branches

Question 8

chronic cor pulmonale

Answer 8

secondary to chronic hypoxia and/or pulmonary hypertension

Question 9

what characterizes…
bacteremia/inflammation
embolism
friable lesions, tan/yellow/gray/red, vegetative, rough, fibrin, bacteria, leukocytes
febrile
results in insuff/regurg & stenosis

Answer 9

endocarditis

Question 10

what characterizes…
myxmatous degeneration of AV valves
thick, smooth, white opaque nodules
does not embolize
not febrile
causes insuff/regurg only

Answer 10

endocardiosis

Question 11

most common cause of heart failure in dogs > 4 yo

Answer 11

endocardiosis

Question 12

which valves are more at risk of endocarditis

Answer 12

mitral > aortic > tricuspid > pulmonic

Question 13

what valve is most commonly affected by endocardiosis

Answer 13

left AV valve/mitral

Question 14

cats breeds predisposed to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

maine coons, ragdolls, DSH

Question 15

which type of cardiomyopathy is characterized as…CHF often first sign, all 4 chambers enlarged, thin/flabby muscle, Doberman Pinschers predisposed

Answer 15

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 16

causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

fibrosis
endocardial fibroelastosis (excessive moderator bands)

Question 17

3 types of cardiomyopathy secondary to nutrition

Answer 17

1. vitamin E/Se def “white muscle disease or mulberry heart disease”
2. taurine def (cause dilated cardiomyopathy in cats)
3. grain free diets in dogs

Question 18

what causes secondary cardiomyopathy

Answer 18

1. nutrition
2. toxins
3. metabolic disease (hyperthyroidism in cats causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

Question 19

what causes left to right shunt

cyanotic or not?

Answer 19

small PDA
ASD/patent foramen ovale
VSD
not cyanotic

Question 20

what causes right to left shunt

cyanotic or not?

Answer 20

large PDA
large VSD
tetralogy of fallot
transposition of great arteries
cyanotic

Question 21

4 factors of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 21

VSD
subpulmonic stenosis
overriding dextroposed aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 22

what does a persistent right aortic arch cause

Answer 22

ligamentum arteriosum forms band over esophagus resulting in cranial dilation “megaesophagus”

Question 23

cranial mesenteric a. in horses is affected by which parasite? what does this parasite cause?

Answer 23

strongylus vulgaris
thrombo-embolic colic

Question 24

common primary neoplastic disease of the heart

Answer 24

hemangiosarcoma in the right auricle/atrium