Urinary Function/Physiology Flashcards
Covers: Urinary tract functional anatomy, Glomerular filtration, Renal tubular function 1/2, Osmoregulation of urine, Renal acid-base balance, and Renal control of blood pressure lectures
What structures make the final adjustments and remove fluid from the kidneys?
(Collecting ducts)
What structure delivers blood to the tubules of the kidney and begins the filtration process?
(Glomerulus)
What type of filtration is defined as the movement of water and solute across the glomerular membrane?
(Glomerular filtration)
What is tubular secretion?
(Movement of substances from plasma into the tubules)
What is tubular reabsorption?
(Movement of substances from the tubule back into the plasma)
What two sections are the kidney cortex divided into?
(Cortical labyrinth and medullary ray)
What are the two subdivisions of the outer medulla?
(Outer and inner stripe)
What are the three types of nephrons, based on location?
(Superficial, mid-cortical, and juxtamedullary)
Of the three types of nephron (based on location), which is more plentiful in animals who highly concentrate their urine?
(Juxtamedullary nephrons)
What do the efferent arterioles of superficial or mid-cortical glomeruli help to form?
(The peritubular capillary network)
What do the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli form?
(The vasa recta)
(T/F) The kidneys are entirely innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
(T)
(T/F) The kidneys receive sympathetic innervations only, via the minor and lumbar splanchnic nerves.
(T)
Contractions of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder increase or decrease (choose one) the volume of the bladder.
(Decrease)
The detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder is under autonomic or somatic (choose one) nervous control.
(Autonomic)
(T/F) The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control.
(T)
What nerves provide sympathetic innervation to the bladder to facilitate storage?
(Hypogastric nerves)
What nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the bladder to facilitate emptying?
(Pelvic nerve)
What nerves provide somatic innervation to the bladder to facilitate storage via providing motor innervation to the external urethral sphincter?
(Pudendal nerves)
What is the filtering unit of the nephron?
(Glomerulus)
What supplies the glomerulus with the blood that needs to be filtered?
(Afferent arteriole)
What is considered the filtration unit of the kidney?
(Urinary/renal corpuscle)
Does the glomerulus filter out negative, neutral, or positive particles (choose)?
(Filters out positive and neutral particles more than negative particles)
What layer of the glomerular capillaries prevents red blood cells from passing into the filtrate?
(Endothelial layer of cells)
What layer of the glomerular capillaries prevents plasma proteins from passing into the filtrate and is considered the greatest barrier to filtration?
(Glomerular basement membrane)
What zipper-like protein composes the diaphragm of the visceral epithelial cell layer?
(Nephrin)
What is the first protein to elevate in the urine if capillaries in the glomerulus are abnormally leaky?
(Albumin → is 69 KD and 70 KD is the typical size limit for proteins)
What is the main force driving filtration in the glomerulus?
(Capillary hydrostatic pressure)
What is the term for the removal of a substance from the cortical peritubular capillary network and depositing it in the tubular fluid for subsequent excretion?
(Renal secretion)
What is the term for the removal of a substance from the renal tubular fluid back into the cortical peritubular capillary network?
(Renal absorption)
What is the term for the removal of a substance from the body through the glomerulus and/or cortical peritubular capillary network and the deposition of that substance into the renal tubular fluid to eventually be eliminated from the body via the urine?
(Renal excretion)
Damage to what region of the nephron results in Fanconi’s syndrome (which is characterized by glucosuria, aminoaciduria, hyperuricosuria, and phosphaturia)?
(Proximal convoluted tubule)
What occurs to all proximal straight tubules at the level of the junction of the outer and inner stripe of the outer medulla?
(They transition to the thin descending limb of the nephron loop)