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E&E Exam 4 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

Covers: Hypothalamic pituitary interaction, Hormonal regulation of calcium, Pituitary gland function, Thyroid gland function, and Adrenal gland function lectures

1
Q

What portion of the brain regulates hormonal activity in the body by receiving information from the body through the blood and controlling the secretion of hormones?

A

(Hypothalamus)

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2
Q

Is the secretion of hormones through the posterior pituitary gland a direct or indirect mechanism?

A

(Direct)

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3
Q

Is the secretion of hormones through the anterior pituitary gland a direct or indirect mechanism?

A

(Indirect)

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4
Q

What are the similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and neurohormones?

A

(Both are released by neurons; neurotransmitters → act locally on neighboring neurons/cells (e.g. ACh) while neurohormones travel in the blood to affect cells at a distant site (e.g. ADH))

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5
Q

Do ‘classic mechanism’ endocrine hormones, which are released by endocrine organs/glands/tissue/cells, affect local cells or distant cells?

A

(Distant)

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6
Q

Do ‘extended definition’ endocrine hormones affect local cells or distant cells?

A

(Local)

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7
Q

What is the neural part of the central neuroendocrine system?

A

(Hypothalamus)

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8
Q

What is the endocrine part of the central neuroendocrine system?

A

(Pituitary)

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9
Q

Hypophysis is an additional term for what structure?

A

(Pituitary)

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10
Q

What is the term for hormones that target other endocrine tissues and cause the production or secretion of another hormone?

A

(Tropic hormones)

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11
Q

What is the term for a hormone that promotes cellular growth differentiation or survival?

A

(Trophic hormones; trophic does not just refer to hormones though but I referenced a hormone to make answering the question easier)

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12
Q

What is usually the goal of endocrine negative feedback loops?

A

(Homeostasis)

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13
Q

What is the term for the extension of the endocrine tissue of the pituitary gland into the pituitary stalk?

A

(Pars tuberalis)

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14
Q

What is the term for the extension of neural tissue of the hypothalamus into the pituitary stalk that houses the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A

(Infundibulum)

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15
Q

What are the two other terms for neurohypophysis?

A

(Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland or the pars nervosa)

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16
Q

What are the two other terms for the pars distalis?

A

(Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or the adenohypophysis)

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17
Q

What is the term for the blood supply to the hypothalamus and pituitary that is important for their communication?

A

(Hypophyseal portal system)

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18
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland forms its own hormones in response to hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

(Anterior pituitary)

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19
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland stores hormones that were released by the hypothalamus and then releases those hormones as needed?

A

(Posterior pituitary)

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20
Q

What are the two hormones related to the posterior pituitary?

A

(Oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin)

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21
Q

What value would you look at on your chem to tell you how much extracellular calcium there is in your patient?

A

(tCA2+/total calcium)

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22
Q

What value would you look at on your chem to tell you how much intracellular calcium there is in your patient?

A

(None, cannot measure intracellular calcium)

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23
Q

What does an ionized calcium test tell you?

A

(How much calcium is in its active form within plasma)

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24
Q

Will hypoproteinemia lead to a decreased or increased tCA2+ value?

A

(Decreased, 40% of extracellular calcium is bound to albumin so if you have decreased protein, less albumin, and therefore less extracellular calcium)

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25
Q

What are the two hormones that play pivotal roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus values WNL?

A

(Parathyroid hormone/PTH and calcitriol/vitamin D)

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26
Q

What hormone is required for the synthesis of vitamin D in the kidneys?

A

(PTH)

27
Q

What effect does vitamin D have on the GI tract and what is the resultant effect on the patient’s serum?

A

(Stimulates calcium and phosphorus absorption → increased serum calcium and phosphorus)

28
Q

What effect does PTH have on the bone and what is the resultant effect on the patient’s serum?

A

(Stimulates calcium and phosphorus release → increased serum calcium and phosphorus)

29
Q

What effect does PTH have on the kidney and what is the resultant effect on the patient’s serum?

A

(Stimulates calcium reabsorption → increased serum calcium; inhibits phosphorus reabsorption → decreased serum phosphorus)

30
Q

Decreased serum calcium will stimulate or inhibit (choose one) PTH?

A

(Stimulate)

31
Q

Decreased serum calcium will stimulate or inhibit (choose one) vitamin D?

A

(Stimulate)

32
Q

Increased serum calcium will stimulate or inhibit (choose one) PTH?

A

(Inhibit)

33
Q

Increased serum calcium will stimulate or inhibit (choose one) vitamin D?

A

(Inhibit)

34
Q

What effect does calcitonin have on bones and what is the resultant effect on the patient’s serum?

A

(Inhibits calcium release → decreased serum calcium)

35
Q

Increased serum calcium will stimulate or inhibit (choose one) calcitonin?

A

(Stimulate)

36
Q

The blood capillary system that is contained within the pituitary stalk connects what two structures? Be specific.

A

(Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary)

37
Q

The large neurons contained within the pituitary stalk connect what two structures? Be specific.

A

(Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary)

38
Q

What is a releasing hormone?

A

(A hormone that is released by the hypothalamus that acts on the anterior pituitary gland)

39
Q

What is a stimulating hormone and from what structure are they secreted?

A

(Anterior pituitary secrete stimulating hormones which affect distant endocrine glands to secrete other hormones)

40
Q

What is a functional hormone and from what structures are they secreted?

A

(Both posterior and anterior pituitary glands secrete functional hormones which affect distant organ tissue to perform a specific function that is not related to the production of additional hormones)

41
Q

What is the function of deiodinases found in peripheral tissues?

A

(Deiodination of T4 which turns it into T3 which is the more bioactive/effective thyroid hormone)

42
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) the heart rate?

A

(Increase)

43
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) the contractility of the heart?

A

(Increase)

44
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) renal blood flow?

A

(Increase)

45
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) GFR?

A

(Increase)

46
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) blood pressure?

A

(Increase)

47
Q

Do thyroid hormones increase or decrease (choose one) systemic vascular resistance?

A

(Decrease)

48
Q

What structure secretes thyroid-releasing hormone?

A

(The hypothalamus)

49
Q

What structure secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

(Anterior pituitary gland)

50
Q

What changes do you expect to see in T4, fT4, and TSH in a hyperthyroid cat?

A

(T4 and fT4 will be increased while TSH will be decreased)

51
Q

What changes do you expect to see in T4, fT4, and TSH in a hypothyroid dog?

A

(T4 and fT4 will be decreased while TSH will be increased)

52
Q

(T/F) The zona glomerulosa of the medulla of the adrenal gland secretes mineralocorticoids i.e. aldosterone.

A

(F, the zona glomerulosa of the CORTEX of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone)

53
Q

What does the zona fasciculata of the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete and give an example?

A

(Glucocorticoids i.e. cortisol)

54
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete and give two examples?

A

(Catecholamines i.e. nor/epinephrine)

55
Q

Does aldosterone actively or passively promote water uptake?

A

(Passively → aldosterone actively promotes sodium reabsorption and water follows passively)

56
Q

Does aldosterone stimulate potassium and hydrogen reabsorption or secretion (choose one)?

A

(Secretion → decreases serum K+ and H+)

57
Q

Is cortisol an insulin agonist or antagonist?

A

(Antagonist → it is a diabetogenic hormone)

58
Q

What is the primary stimulus for cortisol production in the adrenal gland?

A

(Adrenocorticotropic hormone/ACTH)

59
Q

What is the primary stimulus for aldosterone production in the adrenal gland?

A

(Serum potassium levels → increased potassium will increase aldosterone production, and decreased potassium will decrease aldosterone production)

60
Q

What is the secondary stimulus for aldosterone production in the adrenal gland?

A

(Angiotensin II → increased angiotensin II will increase aldosterone production, and decreased angiotensin II will decrease aldosterone production)

61
Q

Does an increased or decreased (choose one) extracellular fluid volume increase renin and angiotensin II production (which then increases aldosterone production)?

A

(Decreased ECF/hypovolemia → increases RAAS to stimulate sodium reabsorption and then water follows to increase volume)

62
Q

What are the locations of alpha (1 and 2), beta 1, and beta 2 receptors in the body?

A

(Alpha 1/2 is in peripheral blood vessels, beta 1 is in the heart, and beta 2 is in the airways primarily)

63
Q

Which of the catecholamines (nor/epinephrine) has a greater affinity for alpha receptors?

A

(Norepinephrine)

64
Q

Which of the catecholamines (nor/epinephrine) has a greater affinity for beta receptors?

A

(Neither, epinephrine has equal affinity while norepinephrine has a greater affinity for alpha receptors)

E&E Exam 4 (10 decks)

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