Pathology

Question 1

What can you histologically tell the difference between hyperplastic lesions and benign neoplastic lesions?

Answer 1

(Hyperplastic lesions do not compress the surrounding tissue whereas benign neoplastic lesions do compress surrounding tissue)

Question 2

(T/F) The parathyroid glands are not pituitary dependent.

Answer 2

(T)

Question 3

What do the parathyroid glands respond to?

Answer 3

(Calcium levels in the blood)

Question 4

What can occur secondarily to lymphocytic parathyroiditis, which is characterized by lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration of the parathyroid glands which then undergoes fibrosis in later stages of the disease?

Answer 4

(Hypoparathyroidism)

Question 5

(T/F) Functional hypoparathyroidism with no underlying lesions can occur in postparturient dogs and cows.

Answer 5

(T, the parathyroid glands are simply inactive due to the physiologic state)

Question 6

Is primary or secondary (choose one) hyperparathyroidism rare and typically due to a functional adenoma or occasionally carcinoma?

Answer 6

(Primary)

Question 7

What does secondary hyperparathyroidism occur secondarily to?

Answer 7

(Renal failure → too much phosphate leads to a decrease in calcium which stimulates PTH but calcium cannot be increased bc of high phosphate so the cycle just continues until eventual osteolysis)

Question 8

What is the term for the condition in which neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcomas and carcinomas of the anal sac glands secrete parathormone-like substances that increase calcium by using skeletal stores?

Answer 8

(Pseudohyperparathyroidism)

Question 9

(T/F) Both low and high dietary iodide can cause thyroid hyperplasia.

Answer 9

(T)

Question 10

(T/F) Malignant carcinomas of the thyroid are more common than benign neoplasms.

Answer 10

(T)

Question 11

Where do malignant neoplasms of the thyroid primarily metastasize?

Answer 11

(The lungs → lymphatic drainage from the thyroid to the lungs has no intermediary lymph node)

Question 12

What do the C-cells/parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?

Answer 12

(Calcitonin)

Question 13

Why is the zona glomerulosa more resistant to adrenal hypoplasia/atrophy when compared to the zona fasciculata and reticularis?

Answer 13

(B/c adrenal hypoplasia/atrophy usually occurs secondarily to a pituitary problem and the zona glomerulosa depends less on the pituitary gland when compared to the other two zones)

Question 14

(T/F) Adrenal hemorrhage is common following stressful or painful incidents so it is a fairly common incidental finding in many necropsies.

Answer 14

(T)

Question 15

The most common cause of adrenal cortex atrophy is idiopathic but it can also occur secondarily to what two conditions?

Answer 15

(Inflammation and a pituitary lesion causing decreased ACTH)

Question 16

Does diffuse or nodular (choose one) adrenal cortex hyperplasia result secondarily to excess pituitary secretion of ACTH (e.g. Cushing’s disease)?

Answer 16

(Diffuse adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 17

(T/F) Benign adenomas of the adrenal cortex are more common than malignant carcinomas.

Answer 17

(T)

Question 18

Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms of what structure?

Answer 18

(Adrenal medulla)

Question 19

Soft tissue mineralization occurs secondarily to the dysfunction of what renal function?

Answer 19

(Occurs secondarily to the dysfunction of the kidneys regulation of electrolytes specifically phosphate → hyperphosphatemia leads to increased parathyroid hormone which induces calcium resorption from the bones and leads to soft tissue mineralization)

Question 20

What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?

Answer 20

(Agenesis is the complete absence of an organ and its precursor tissue whereas aplasia is the presence of precursor tissue that failed to develop into an organ)

Question 21

What is the difference between hypoplasia and atrophy?

Answer 21

(Hypoplasia is the failure of an organ to develop to normal size whereas atrophy is the shrinkage of an organ from normal size due to damage)

Question 22

What three abnormalities is renal dysplasia characterized by?

Answer 22

(Persistence of immature structures, disorganization of normal structures, and the presence of abnormal tissue)

Question 23

What is an ectopic ureter?

Answer 23

(A ureter that empties into the urethra, vagina, vas deferens or neck of the urinary bladder instead of into the trigone as it should)

Question 24

What are the clinical consequences of an ectopic ureter? Two answers.

Answer 24

(Urinary incontinence and UTIs)

Question 25

What are the clinical consequences of a patent urachus? Two answers.

Answer 25

(Urine scalding at umbilicus where urine is leaking from and secondary urinary tract infections)

Question 26

How does NSAID use lead to renal papillary necrosis?

Answer 26

(By inhibiting COX, PGE2 is decreased and induces renal vasoconstriction which can eventually lead to renal papillary necrosis)

Question 27

What does the size and shape of a renal infarct depend on?

Answer 27

(What vessel is affected ex. if an arcuate artery is affected, you get a wedge shape)

Question 28

What is the difference in the presentation of an acute versus a chronic infarct of the kidney?

Answer 28

(Acute are red and hemorrhagic, chronic are white and shrunken)

Question 29

How do glomerular and interstitial renal amyloidosis differ? Three answers.

Answer 29

(What tissue is impacted → glomerular is glomerulus and interstitial is interstitium (duh); in species affect → glomerular is dogs, interstitial is shar-pei dogs and cats; and in the sequela → glomerular has marked proteinuria where as interstitial has little if any proteinuria)

Question 30

What does ethylene glycol toxicity cause in the kidneys?

Answer 30

(Acute tubular necrosis)

Question 31

What food additives are filtered by the kidney and form brown crystals in the distal renal tubules that can cause obstruction and necrosis? Two answers.

Answer 31

(Melamine and cyanuric acid; mostly overseas, added to increase nitrogen content)

Question 32

How does leptospirosis cause glomerular dysfunction?

Answer 32

(It first induces interstitial nephritis, then body creates antibodies which then can cause glomerular dysfunction)

Question 33

Pyelonephritis occurs secondarily to what other disease?

Answer 33

(Lower urinary tract infections)

Question 34

What swine nematode encysts in the peripelvic tissue and can create communications into the ureter at the renal pelvis?

Answer 34

(Stephanurus dentatus)

Question 35

What is the common name for Dioctophyma renale?

Answer 35

(Giant kidney worm of dogs)

Question 36

(T/F) Metastatic neoplasia is more common in the kidney rather than primary neoplasia.

Answer 36

(T)

Question 37

(T/F) If the kidney produces a primary neoplasia, they will metastasize early.

Answer 37

(T)

Question 38

What is often the first clinical sign of a renal tumor?

Answer 38

(Hematuria)

Question 39

What is the most common primary renal tumor in dogs versus cats?

Answer 39

(Dogs - carcinoma; cats - lymphoma)

Question 40

(T/F) Spinal nephroblastomas are typically paired with a kidney tumor so the thought is that spinal nephroblastomas are a metastasis of the kidney lesion.

Answer 40

(F, spinal nephroblastomas typically have no associated kidney tumor, the thought is that in development the spinal cord traps immature kidney tissue and it develops into a nephroblastoma)

Question 41

(T/F) Primary neoplasia is more common in the lower urinary tract rather than metastatic neoplasia.

Answer 41

(T)

Question 42

(T/F) If the lower urinary tract produces a primary neoplasia, they will metastasize late.

Answer 42

(T)

Question 43

What is the most common bladder tumor of dogs and cats?

Answer 43

(Transitional cell carcinoma)