Radiology Flashcards
Covers: Imaging of the upper urinary tract and Imaging of the lower urinary tract lectures
What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for a dog patient?
(2.5-3.5x the length of L2 on a VD view)
What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for a neutered cat patient?
(1.9-2.6x the length of L2 on a VD view)
What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for an intact cat patient?
(2.1-3.2x the length of L2 on a VD view)
How can you distinguish between a urinary calculi and the possible artifact created by an end-on view of the deep circumflex iliac artery?
(Take views in different positions, if it is present on both a lateral and VD it is a calculi)
How can you determine the canine kidney size on ultrasound?
(Measure the length of the kidney and divide it by the diameter of the aorta, normal is between 5.5-9.1)
(T/F) In a normal kidney, the medulla should be hypoechoic when compared to the cortex.
(T)
(T/F) In a normal canine kidney, the cortex should be hyperechoic when compared to the liver.
(F, should be hypoechoic compared to the liver)
(T/F) In feline patients, their renal cortex is often hypoechoic to the liver/spleen due to normal fat deposition.
(F, hyperechoic to the liver/spleen d/t normal fat deposition)
Why should you get your UA sample prior to performing an excretory urography? Two answers.
(B/c the iodinated contrast agent can increase USG and inhibit some bacteria)
Why is excretory urography contraindicated especially in dehydrated patients?
(One of the side effects is acute renal failure)
(T/F) Excretory urography can tell the subjective function of the kidneys while ultrasound cannot tell you anything about function.
(T)
What type of urinary stones can be seen on radiograph because they have a mineral opacity? Two answers.
(Oxalate and struvite)
What type of urinary stones cannot be seen on radiographs because they have a soft tissue opacity? Two answers.
(Cystine and urate)
How do all urinary stones appear on ultrasound?
(Hyperechoic with distal acoustic shadowing)
Does a small kidney indicate chronic or acute (choose one) kidney disease?
(Chronic)
What neoplasia would be high on your differential list if you saw a large, smooth kidney on radiographs of a cat?
(Lymphoma)
How would the kidneys of a cat with FIP present (shape and size)?
(Large and irregular in shape)
In which breed of cat will anechoic cysts within the kidney be indicative of polycystic kidney disease that can be eventually fatal?
(Persian cats)
Can you diagnose a ureteral rupture on ultrasound?
(No, can only diagnose on contrast radiographs)
What further radiographic diagnostics can be pursued if you have a patient with signs of lower urinary tract disease but survey radiographs are normal (i.e. you don’t have access to an ultrasound)?
(You can perform a cystogram)
What are the three forms of cystogram that can be performed?
(Positive - iodine only; negative - gas only; double - gas and iodine together)
How do you distinguish between air bubbles and urinary calculi on a lateral cystogram?
(Air bubbles will be on the periphery while calculi will be in the middle of the iodine pool)
(T/F) All urinary stones are hyperechoic.
(T)
(T/F) Any/all urinary calculi will be radiolucent compared to iodine on a double contrast cystogram.
(T)
Bladder wall thickening in cases of cystitis is mainly cranial or caudal (choose one).
(Cranial)
How do you distinguish between polypoid cystitis and neoplasia?
(Biopsy)
What is the most common neoplasm of the bladder/urethral?
(Transitional cell carcinoma)
What specific imaging modality is necessary to diagnose a bladder rupture?
(Positive contrast cystogram)
