Radiology

Question 1

What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for a dog patient?

Answer 1

(2.5-3.5x the length of L2 on a VD view)

Question 2

What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for a neutered cat patient?

Answer 2

(1.9-2.6x the length of L2 on a VD view)

Question 3

What is the normal kidney size in a comparative sense for an intact cat patient?

Answer 3

(2.1-3.2x the length of L2 on a VD view)

Question 4

How can you distinguish between a urinary calculi and the possible artifact created by an end-on view of the deep circumflex iliac artery?

Answer 4

(Take views in different positions, if it is present on both a lateral and VD it is a calculi)

Question 5

How can you determine the canine kidney size on ultrasound?

Answer 5

(Measure the length of the kidney and divide it by the diameter of the aorta, normal is between 5.5-9.1)

Question 6

(T/F) In a normal kidney, the medulla should be hypoechoic when compared to the cortex.

Answer 6

(T)

Question 7

(T/F) In a normal canine kidney, the cortex should be hyperechoic when compared to the liver.

Answer 7

(F, should be hypoechoic compared to the liver)

Question 8

(T/F) In feline patients, their renal cortex is often hypoechoic to the liver/spleen due to normal fat deposition.

Answer 8

(F, hyperechoic to the liver/spleen d/t normal fat deposition)

Question 9

Why should you get your UA sample prior to performing an excretory urography? Two answers.

Answer 9

(B/c the iodinated contrast agent can increase USG and inhibit some bacteria)

Question 10

Why is excretory urography contraindicated especially in dehydrated patients?

Answer 10

(One of the side effects is acute renal failure)

Question 11

(T/F) Excretory urography can tell the subjective function of the kidneys while ultrasound cannot tell you anything about function.

Answer 11

(T)

Question 12

What type of urinary stones can be seen on radiograph because they have a mineral opacity? Two answers.

Answer 12

(Oxalate and struvite)

Question 13

What type of urinary stones cannot be seen on radiographs because they have a soft tissue opacity? Two answers.

Answer 13

(Cystine and urate)

Question 14

How do all urinary stones appear on ultrasound?

Answer 14

(Hyperechoic with distal acoustic shadowing)

Question 15

Does a small kidney indicate chronic or acute (choose one) kidney disease?

Answer 15

(Chronic)

Question 16

What neoplasia would be high on your differential list if you saw a large, smooth kidney on radiographs of a cat?

Answer 16

(Lymphoma)

Question 17

How would the kidneys of a cat with FIP present (shape and size)?

Answer 17

(Large and irregular in shape)

Question 18

In which breed of cat will anechoic cysts within the kidney be indicative of polycystic kidney disease that can be eventually fatal?

Answer 18

(Persian cats)

Question 19

Can you diagnose a ureteral rupture on ultrasound?

Answer 19

(No, can only diagnose on contrast radiographs)

Question 20

What further radiographic diagnostics can be pursued if you have a patient with signs of lower urinary tract disease but survey radiographs are normal (i.e. you don’t have access to an ultrasound)?

Answer 20

(You can perform a cystogram)

Question 21

What are the three forms of cystogram that can be performed?

Answer 21

(Positive - iodine only; negative - gas only; double - gas and iodine together)

Question 22

How do you distinguish between air bubbles and urinary calculi on a lateral cystogram?

Answer 22

(Air bubbles will be on the periphery while calculi will be in the middle of the iodine pool)

Question 23

(T/F) All urinary stones are hyperechoic.

Answer 23

(T)

Question 24

(T/F) Any/all urinary calculi will be radiolucent compared to iodine on a double contrast cystogram.

Answer 24

(T)

Question 25

Bladder wall thickening in cases of cystitis is mainly cranial or caudal (choose one).

Answer 25

(Cranial)

Question 26

How do you distinguish between polypoid cystitis and neoplasia?

Answer 26

(Biopsy)

Question 27

What is the most common neoplasm of the bladder/urethral?

Answer 27

(Transitional cell carcinoma)

Question 28

What specific imaging modality is necessary to diagnose a bladder rupture?

Answer 28

(Positive contrast cystogram)