Urinary elimination (Chapter 41) Flashcards
Healthy adults eliminate approx how many mL of urine daily?
1400 mL
The urinary system controls the consumption of blood by removing ________ and _________ and conserving useful substances.
Urea; creatinine
These organs filter liquid waste from the blood, balance electrolytes in the blood, regulate blood volume and pressure, produce erythropoietin for red blood cell formation, synthesize vitamin D to help control calcium levels, and maintain acid-base balance.
Kidneys
Urine is formed by tiny filtering units called ____ which are the functional units of the kidney.
Nephrons
Urine formation is a result of what 3 processes?
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
This process of urine formation occurs in the glomerulus as fluid moves across a membrane as a result of a pressure difference.
Filtration
This process of urine formation occurs in the renal tubule as most of the filtrate moves back into the blood.
Reabsorption
This process of urine formation involves the end result of urine formation. Urea, water, and other waste form urine as they pass through the nephrons down the renal tubules.
Secretion
The failure of the kidneys to produce or excrete urine, can occur as a result of any process that limits the effective blood flow through the kidneys.
Anuria
When a person has anuria, they cannot filter waste products and artificial filtering may be necessary with renal _________
Dialysis
Technique by which fluids and molecules pass through an artificial semipermeable membrane and are filtered by means of osmosis.
Dialysis
This is defined as reduced urine volume, less than 500 mL/day in adults. Symptoms my include pt being breathless, pale, clammy skin, low blood pressure, edema, anemia, changes in heart rhythm, hepatomegaly, and hypertension may be present.
Oliguria
When an excessive volume of urine is formed and excreted each day, more than 2500 mL in adults.
Polyuria
Excessive urination at night that can disrupt sleep cycle. Commonly seen in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in post menopausal women because of decreased bladder tone, also can be due to diuretics, UTIs, cystitis, and diabetes.
Nocturia
Painful urination that can result from UTIS, bladder infection, STIs, yeast infection, kidney/bladder stones, prostatic enlargement, malignancy, reaction to soaps condoms or tampons.
Dysuria
The abnormal presence of red blood cells in the urine. Color of urine does not reflect degree of blood loss.
Hematuria
The inability to control the passage of urine
urinary incontinence
Loss of urine control during activities that increase intraabdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise.
Stress incontinence
Involves a sudden strong urge to void followed by rapid bladder contraction.
Urge incontinence
The lack of urine control in the absence of any abnormalities of the urinary tract. When some physical limitation in functioning occurs right before voiding occurs.
Functional incontinence
Seen in patients who are unable to empty the bladder completely resulting in a constant dribbling of urine or increased frequency of urination.
Overflow incontinence
Occurs in association with factors such as severe constipation, infections in the urinary tract or vagina, or medication usage.
Temporary incontinence
The inability of the bladder to empty, caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract or by a neurologic disorder.
Urinary retention
The involuntary passage of urine that may be structural or pathologic although may be related to nonurinary problems such as constipation, stress, and illness.
Enuresis