Nutrition (Chap 30) Flashcards
The body’s intake and and use of adequate amounts of necessary nutrients for tissue growth and energy production.
Nutrition
The necessary substances obtained from ingested food that supply the body with energy; build and maintain bones, muscles, and skin; and aid in the normal growth and function of each body system.
Nutrients
An imbalance in the amount of nutrient intake and the body’s needs. Among these are those who are overweight, undernourished, lack important nutrients due to poor food choices.
Malnutrition
The process of chemically changing nutrients, such as fats and proteins, into end products that are used to meet the energy needs of the body or stored for future use. Helps maintain homeostasis in the body.
Metabolism
The minimum amount of energy required to maintain body functions in the resting, awake state. Even during sleep body requires certain amount of calories to support critical processes.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Metabolism: the use of energy to change simple materials into complex body substances and tissues.
Anabolism
Metabolism: the breaking down of substances from complex to simple, resulting in release of energy.
Catabolism
Nutrients that are needed in large amounts and include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water.
Macronutrients
Chemicals needed for energy, muscle building, nerve conduction, blood clotting, and immunity to diseases.
Minerals
Organic compounds responsible for regulation of body processes, reproduction, and growth.
Vitamins
These include vitamins and minerals and are needed in limited amounts by the body.
Micronutrients
These chemical substances are major suppliers of energy and include sugars, starches, and fiber. They keep the body from using valuable proteins for energy, prevent ketosis, and enhance memory and learning capabilities.
Carbohydrates
These types of diets promote cardiovascular health by lowering serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure, assist in weight control, improve glycemic control in people with diabetes, and improve regularity.
High-fiber diets
These refer to any fat found within the body including fatty acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Are needed for energy and to support cellular growth.
Lipids
The most abundant lipids in foods, however excess amount can be unhealthy contributing to health problems such as coronary artery disease and obesity.
Triglycerides
Omega 3 and Omega 6 are referred to this because they are essential for blood clotting and normal brain and nervous system functioning
unsaturated essential fatty acids
These are active participants in the development, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues, organs, and cells. Consist of amino acids.
Proteins
Plays a major role in the body and is necessary for processes such as helping control body temperature, maintain acid-base balance, regulating fluid and electrolytes, and transporting nutrient and waste products from the kidneys.
Water
This vitamin is important for its ability to increase the resistance to infection, promote night vision, develop and maintain normal function of epithelial tissue, aid in development of normal bones and teeth. Foods rich in this include liver, milk, egg yolk, dark, and leafy green vegetables, yellow/orange vegetables, and friuts.
Vitamin A
Sunshine vitamin that is good for bone and tissue formation because of collaborative efforts with minerals to develop and strengthen bones.
Vitamin D
An antioxidant that protects cells from injury from free radicals. Accumulation of these by-products over time is mainly responsible for the aging process and can contribute to development of cancer, heart disease, or inflammatory condition.
Vitamin E
Synthesized in the body by bacteria that are found in the large intestine. Essential for the synthesis of proteins that promote clotting or coagulation of the blood.
Vitamin K
These vitamins dissolve in the body and are excreted in the urine. Easily destroyed by air, light, and heat (cooking). Must be ingested daily through dietary sources or supplements because they are not stored in the body.
Water-soluble vitamins
Considered to be one of the most important vitamins, contributes to development of strong immune system, synthesizes the protein collagen.
Vitamin C
This complex contains 8 principal water soluble vitamins that help form red blood cells and act in part as coenzymes that combine with an enzyme to make it active.
Vitamin B complex
These 3 minerals play a critical role in maintaining fluid balance in the body. Also important in nerve conduction and muscle contraction.
Potassium. sodium. and chloride
These 3 minerals are important in the production and maintenance of bone tissue.
Calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium
Substances that may protect body cells against the effects of free radicals, they significantly slow or prevent the oxidative process or damage from oxygen caused by free radicals which can lead to cell dysfunction.
Antioxidants
Process by which the body receives nutrients needed to provide energy for physical activity.
Catabolism
These foods are rich in which vitamin: dairy products, eggs, fortified food products, liver, and fatty fish (salmon and mackerel).
Vitamin D
These foods are rich in which vitamin: nuts, seeds, soybean, canola, corn, and other vegetable oils, whole grains, legumes
Vitamin E
These foods are rich in which vitamin: dark leafy vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, brussels sprouts, and cabbage.
Vitamin K
These foods are rich in which type of vitamin: fresh yellow and orange fruits, papaya, kiwi, broccoli, and sweet and white potatoes, pineapples, cantaloupes, guava, and berries.
Vitamin C
Vitamin: Essential for the metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, including sugar to produce energy for the body’s cells.
Vitamin B1 thiamine
Vitamin: assists in the metabolism of protein and the function of other B vitamins . Assists in promoting visual adaptation to light and maintaining healthy skin.
Vitamin B2 riboflavin
Vitamin: coenzyme for energy production. Also has a critical role in the formation of fatty acids.
Vitamin B3 niacin
Vitamin: Necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein, as well as the synthesis of acetylcholine.
Vitamin B5
Vitamin: Assists as a coenzyme in the synthesis and catabolism of amino acids.
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine
Vitamin: essential for the production of red blood cells. It facilitates the entrance of folate into cells and maintains the protective sheath that surrounds nerve fibers.
Vitamin B12 cyanocobalamin
Water-soluble vitamin that must be provided in the diet or supplemented because it is not produced in the body. Necessary for synthesis of DNA and used in red blood cell formation. Critical for rapidly growing cells
Vitamin B9 Folic acid
These 3 minerals are critical in maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Potassium, sodium, and chloride