urinary disease in cattle Flashcards
Dysuria definition
frequent passage of small amounts of urine with pain
Polyuria definition
increase in amount of urine produced
Stranguria definition
slow, painful urination passing drop by drop
Oliguria definition
scantiness of urine due to diminished secrtion
Which kidney is palpable per rectum
Left (because right it too far cranial)
When do we get false +ve proteinuria results
In calves which have had colostrum; some protein spills out
Highly alkaline ruminant urine
Misxture with vaginal discharge if doing free catch
WHat do we interpret glycosuria as
Unimportant usually; false +ves can be from stress, medications
What is a normal USG range
1.022 - 1.045
In acute renal failure it is <1.022 i.e can’t concentrate urine
What might brown or brown/red urine mean
Myoglobinuria in severe myopathy
How many WBCs is it normal to see per high power field in urine anaylsus
1-5WBCs
More suggests inflammatino or degnereation (or false +ve from vaginal discharge)
Causes of haemoglobinuria
Babesiosis, kale/rape toxicity, post-partum, leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, copper poisoning, water intoxication
Causes of haematuria
pyelonephritis, cystitis, bracken poisoning (called enzootic haematuria), urolithiasis
What is enzootic haematuria
Bracken poisoning
Embolic nephritis causes and signs
Usually secondary to septicaemia
Can get in endocarditis
Signs = pyrexia, septicaemia
Uralysis shows blood and protein in urine + WBCs, RBCs and bacteria
What causes renal ischaemia
Reduced perfusion e.g in severe deehydration
What is toxic nephrosis
Damage to renal tubules by toxins
Usually due to overdose from weight estimation being wrong OR severe dehydration
Nephrotoxic drugs include: aminoglycosides, propylene glycol, sulphonamides (precipitate in tubules)
Also can be due to iscahemic changes, haemoconcentrationm endotoxaemia
What is the most common renal disease in cattle
PYelonephritis
What causes pyelonephritis and what are the predisposing factors
Ascending infection by Corynebacterium renale and E coli
> Dystocia, bladder paralysis, catheterisation
Clinical signs of pyelonephritis
POlyuria, stranguria, gross abnormalities in urine e.g pus
- Pyrexia, anorexia, milk drop, colic
-> Progresses to: diarrhoea, anaemia, weight loss
Palpate enlarged painful kidney with loss of lobulations and thickened ureters
What causes glomerulonephritis
Rare
From immune complex deposition in glomerulus or from specific antibodies targeted to basement membrane of glomerulus
- Often secondary to another issue with produced antibodies e.g abscesses
What is amyloidosis in kidney
Extracellular deposition of amyloid
Usually secondary to chronic conditions in older cattle
What is cystitis and what predisposes to it
Inflammation and infection of the bladder
Often secondary to bladder paralysis, chronic irritation from cystic calculi, urachal remnants
Signs of bladder paralysis
Can’t empty bladder if stimulated
Dribbling urine; enlarged bladder
What is haemorrhagic cystitis associated with
malignant catarrhal fever
What is enzootic haematuria
Progressive non-infectious cystitis with tissue metaplasia of the bladder
Signs = haematuria, stranguria, anaemia, no fever
What factors are involved in enzootic haematuria
Bovine papilloma viruses
Bracken fern
What would we see in abdominal fluid with bladder rupture
Creatinine higher than in serum
Most common cause of bladder neoplaisa
Enzootic haematuria
Factors contributing to urolithiasis
High concentrate, high phosphorus, improper Ca/PP balance, lots of silica or oxalates, vit A deficiency, oestrogens, hypervitaminasis D
Early castration of males can reduce diameter of distal urinary tract
What is hydrospadia
failure of closure of male urethra so mucosal surface exposed from perineum to tip of prepuce; urine emerges just beneath anus
What bacteria causes bacillary haemoglobinuria
Clostridium haemolyticum
How can water intoxication lead to haemoglobinuria
Over-hydration leads to hypo-osmolar plasma and erythrocyte lysis
What might blue black kidneys on PM indicate
Copper poisoning e.g from over supplementatino or ragwort poisoning
What is a horseshoe shaped kidney
Fused kidney
= congenital abnormality
