Cattle cardiovascular/haematological disease Flashcards by Millie Dinan

What is the most common congenital heart disease

Ventricular septal defect
Hear loud blowing systolic murur, palpate precordial thrill
May also see ocular or tail abnormalities e.g microphthalmol

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WHat do we hear with patent ductus arteriosis

= left to right shunting of blood from aorta to pulmonary artery
So hear continous murmuc

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Complications with ventricular septal defects

Endocarditis due to turbulence
Eisenmenger complex = sudden cyanosis and exercise intolerance due to reversal of shunt with increased pulmonary vascular resistance

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Prognosis for congenital heart conditions

Hopeless
Do euthanasia or early slaughter

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What are the clinical signs of white muscle disease affecting the heart

Arrhythmias
Persistent tachycardia
Murmurs
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Dyspnoea

Biochem: high CK, AST, LDH
Low selenuim

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What cow breed does bovine leuocyte adhesion deficiency affect

Holstein freisian calves
= due to inherited recessive trait
Get deficient beta2 integrin expression

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Signs of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Poor growth, chronic or persistent infection; poorly healing dehorning wounds, ringworm, diarrhoea, keratoconjuncitviits etc
= immunosuppressed

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Haematology of cows with bovine leukocyte adhesion defieicny

High neutrophils without much left shift
>30,000/microL
Poor leukocyte function test; decreased alkaline phosphate activitiy

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Preventing bovine leukocyte adhesion defieicny

Don’t mate carrier animals
AI companies do testing on bulls for semen

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Which cattle breeds are affected by which type of bovine herediitary dilated cardiomyopathy

Type 1 = Hereford
Type 2 = japanese black
Type 3 = holstein freisians and freisian crosses

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How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 1 present

In Hereford calves sudden death from acute heart failure
Very rapid growth, short curly coat, bilateral exophthalmos

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How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 2 present

Japanese black cattle;
pulmonary oedema and severe dyspnoea then death

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How does hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy type 3 present

Freisian cows
- Sudden onset congestive right heart failure
Oedema; muffled heart sounds; venous engorgement
most deaths ~3-4 years old in early or late pregnancy

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What things can cause septic pericarditis

Puncture of the pericardium by metal from reticulum; leads to fibrinopurulent pericarditis

Septicaemic calves/cattle with severe bronchopneumonia –> can get fibrinour pericarditis

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Presentation of cows with septic pericarditis

VEnous congestion, ventral oedema
Tachycardia
Pain, reluctance to move
Fever
Tachypnoea, dyspnoea

+ positive pain response to pressure or percussion in ventral chest/xiphoid

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What haematology/biochem changes are usual with septic pericarditis

Increased globulin; decreased albumin
Neutrophilia
Hyperfibrinogenaemia; see as reduced coagulation time

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Fluid characteristics on pericardiocentesis with septic pericarditis from trauma reticulopericarditis

High neutrophils
Bacteria
Purulent
Fibrin clots

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What treatment could we give with septic pericarditis

Medical: to prolong life
- Systemic antibiotics and drainage

Surgical: for valuable animals; thoracotomy + pericardiectomy/pericardiotomy

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How does idiopathic haemorrhagic pericarditits work

Get sterile haemorrhagic transudate in pericardial space

See jugular distension, severe submandibular and birsket oedema, muffled heart sounds/washing machine murmur

PCV low: 10-15%

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Treatment for idiopathic haemorrhagic pericarditis

COrticosteroids (dexamethasone)
Antibiotics
Drainage

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What bacteria is most implicated in baterial endocarditis

T pyogenes
Streps, staphs, gram -ves,

Clinical signs of cow with bacterial endocarditis

Weight loss, anorexia, shifting lameness, joint tenderness
+ persistent fever, tachycardia, systolic heart murmur

Pn bloods see increased neutrophils, non regenerative anaemia, increased globulin

What echocardiography changes do we see with bacterial endocarditits

Thickening of the endocardium and valvular insufficiency

Treatment for bacterial endocarditis

Penicillin/ampicillin for 3 weeks
Cam give furosemide in cases of ventral odema
NSAIDs
Remove access to salt blocks

What toxins can cause myocardial disease

Ionophores eaten in toxic amounts Poisonout plants and fruit pulp Get decreased cardiac chamber size and altered LV function with ionophores On necropsy see multifocal myocardial degeneration

Which parasites can cause myocardial disease in cattle

Cysticercus bovis Sarcocystic

Which bacterial species might be implicated in septic myocarditis

Acute H somni infection T pyogenes chronic infection Neonatal septicaemia with gram -ves e.g E coli

What animals can we not use digoxin in

Food producing; wold be useful in inherited myocardial disease

What is cor pulmonale

= right hearted dilation, hypertrophy and heart failure Due to increase in pulmonary vascular resistance increasing right sided workload E.g chronic pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscesses, interstitial pneumonia, chronic lungworm parasitisn, some calves with congenital defects causing chronic hypoxia

What risk factors are there for brisket disease (specific example of cor pulmonale)

Holstein freisians Exposure to high altitude Ingesting locoweed or astragalus plants

How can we prevent cor pulmoale

Avoid resp disease identify at risk cattle of brisket disease: measure pulmonary artery pressure at altitude, genetic testing, avoiding locowood or astragalus grazing

Treating cor pulmonale

Treat the respiratory disease + furosemide to help with oedema In brisket disease, move to lower altitude, give O2 and avoid exercise

What is the most common cardiac neoplasia

Lymphosarcoma - Commonly related to bovine leukaemia virus

What happens in caudal vena cava thrombosis

Rupture or outgrowth of abscesses from iver hilus into CdVC

What 3 symptoms might CdVC thrombosis present as

1. Acute death 2. Acute respiratory distress 3. MOST COMMON = epistaxis, chronic pneumonia and anaemia syndrome, haemopytsis (coughing up blood0

What is caudal vena caval syndrome usually secondary to

Ruminitis, runimal acidosis, abomasal ulceration; leads to abscess formation in the liver which then grows out to CdVC

What is a common cause of venous thrombosis and phlebitis

Perivascular reactions to irritant IV drugs Traumatic or repeated venepuncture

What is more common to see in septic vs non-septic cases of venous thrombosis and phlebitis

Fever and anorexia

What can be done to minimise the issues of simple thrombosis with perivascular leakage of injected drug

Inject saline to dilute the drug Warm compresses

What drug should we give with thrombophlebitis

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) BUT remember can't give in milking animals

What can we use to treat frostbite thrombosis

Warm circulating water, antibiotics, anticoagulants, surgical tissue debridement Can inject tissue plasminogen activator prox to the thrombosis but this is expensive

How do animals with aortic and iliac artery thrombosis present

Acute ataxia onset, posterior paresis, poor hindlimb muscle tone or stimuli response - Saphenous artery pulse v reduces Blood biochem shows high CK ULtrasound shows thrombus at junction of internal and external ilial arteries

How could copper deficiency be involved in artery rupture

Leads to degeneration of the tunica elastica in arteris + deficiency in lysyl oxidase enzyme (contains copper) can cause abnormal collage/elastin cross linking

Which arteries are most commonly affected by rupture

Uterine MEsenteric Aorta

What leads to pulmonary artery aneurysm

Develops proximal to septic thromboembolic in individuals with caudal vena cava thrombosis syndrome

What can lead to mesenteric arterial aneurysms (toxins)

Mouldy clover, sweet vernal

How to treat aneurysm

Surgicall remove it but large risk of arterial rupture and exsanguination

HOw might mesenteric arterial aneurysm present

Persistent or intermittent colic signs

How does bovine neonatal pancytopenia work

= haemorrhagic disease of calves BECAUSE: cow BVD vaccine has some bovine MHC class 1 antigens as impurities so get antibodies against this in cow colostrum - If calves share this MHC-1 epitope from the vaccine, get erythrompoeitc and bone marrow cell damage triggered by maternal antibodies

Clinical signs of bovine neonatal pancytopenia

Signs develop from 10-21 days old; initially bright then rapidly become anaemic, severe internal and external bleeding (petechiae, melaena, mucosal bleeding), fever On platelet/coagulation tests just see reduction in platelet

Which cattle do we see bovine factor XI deficiency in

HOlstein Japanese black

How to assess bovine factor XI deficiency

APPT time on plasma (intrinsic pathway); will be increased PCR for abnormal gene FXI