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Respiratory disease in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What does inspiratory stertor vs exaggerated resp effort suggest about location of infection

A

Inspiratory stertor –> URT
Increased resp effort –> LRT

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2
Q

Difference in type of cough with upper and lower resp issues

A

Harsh non-productive cough = URT
Moist cough = LRT

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3
Q

What do crackle lung sounds indicate

A

accumulation of fluid in airway
e.g in fog fever, pulmonary oedema

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4
Q

What are wheezing lung sounds

A

Musical, continuous sounds
Seen in chronic pneumonias, bacterial pneumonias, fibrosing alveolitis
- High pitch = small airways affected
-Low pitch = large airways affected

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5
Q

What does stertor sounds indication

A

Accumulation of secretions in extra-thoracic airway

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6
Q

What are pleural friction rub sounds

A

Rubbing sandpaper like sounds
Seen in advanced pasteurellosis pneumonia

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7
Q

What is stridor sound and what does it indicate

A

Wheezing on inspiration; suggests obstruction in upper airway e.g in calf diptheria, pharyngeal abscesses

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8
Q

When might we hear decreased or absent lung sounds

A

With pneumothorax, pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia

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9
Q

Some of the most common respiratory conditions in cows

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Pasteurellosis (shipping fever)
Fog fever
Lungworm
Inhalation pneumonia
Chronic pulmonary disease

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

From bovine herpes virus 1
- Can get latency; shedding during stress

Type of disease caused: respiratory (pyrexia, white plaques on nasal mucosa, coughing, milk drop, tracheobronchitis), conjunctival, bortion, infectious pustulovaginitis, enteritis, encephalomyelitis

= broad range

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11
Q

What may be the first sign of BHV-1 infections in dairy herd

A

Milk drop (due to respiratory form of disease)

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12
Q

Dealing with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

A

Can vaccinate in face of outbreak
Treatment unrewarding; if secondary bacterial infections can treat that; NSAIDs may help

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13
Q

Cause of pasteurellosis Shipping fever

A

= Mannheimia haemolytica
(may have involvement of B trehalosi + P multocida)

= commensal BUT can cause infection after stress/viral infection
Seen in weaned beef cows following stress e.g moving

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14
Q

Clinical signs of pasteurellosis (shipping fever)

A

Moist painful cough, shallow breathing, pyrexia, depression, salivation, crackles on auscultation (fluid)

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15
Q

Post mortem findings in shipping fever pastuerellosis

A

= fibrinous bronchopneumonia; cranioventral
+ yellow pleural fluid
(can get bullous emphysema)

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16
Q

dEaling with shipping fever

A

Treat with long acting antibiotics, NSAIDs fluids, nursing
Prevent via good hygeine, ventilation, vaccination before risk periods?

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17
Q

Cause of Fog fever and typical group seen in

A

= HERD issue after moving onto rich pasture; usually adult suckler cows

Due to L-tryptophan in foggage being converted into 3-methyl indole by ruminal microbes
= TOXIC to type 1 pneumocytes

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18
Q

Pathogenesis of fog fever + PM findings

A

Pulmonary congestion and oedema; type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema, congestion and haemorrhage

ON PM: lungs grossly large, red and heavy

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19
Q

Clinical signs of fog fever

A

Rapid breathing progressing to air hunger mouth breathing
NO COUGHING
Frothing at mouth
Death within a few days usually

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20
Q

How could we treat a cow with fog fever

A

Remove whole herd from pasture
Give diuretics to clinical cases, + can give NSAIDs, clebuterol (as in asthma)

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21
Q

Cause of lungworm ‘husk’ and which cattle usually affected

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous
- Typically cattle in first grazing season in Autumn
BUT now that adults less immune due to routine anthelmintic use get more disease in adults

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22
Q

Clinical signs and diagnosis of lungworm

A

Harsh cough, increased resp effort and rate; can get emphysema
Diagnosis via Baermann sedimentation; can look at bulk milk ELISA; hearing crackles over dorso-caudal lung lobes

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23
Q

Treating lungworm in cattle

A

Most anthelmintics dine
Levamisole = immunomodulatory so avoids mass killing
Eprinomectin = 0 milk withdrawal time

+ can vaccinate

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24
Q

Bovine resp syncytial virus pathogenesis

A

Mainly calves affected
Invades lower airways, damaged mucocilliary transport, impairs immune cell function
+ can get Ab-Ag complexes which may explain biphasic disease with severe disease weeks later

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25
Signs of Bovine RSV infection
Pyrexia, milk drop, depression, nasal discharge, dyspnoea + emphysema in severe cases
26
How do we diagnose RSV infections in cattle
Need virus isolation i.e FAT or PCR NB: can't do this from nasopharyngeal swabs because this is a LRT virus
27
Causes, signs and treatment of inhalation pneumonia
Regurgitation due to hypocalcaemia, incorrect drenching, choke/retrophargyngeal abscess, post sedation See gangrenous bronchopneumonia, foul breath, cough, crackles/wheezes/pleural frictino rubs URGENT high conc antibiotics
28
3 similarly presenting chornic pulmonary diseases
all = fatal; slaughter asap Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis Chronic suppurative pneumonia Chronic pulmonary abscessation
29
Cause of pulmonary thromboembolism
Haematogenous spread of septic emboli from a thrombus - Usually from liver abscesses via CdVC - Can also be from right AV heart valve seeding directly to lungs Then get lung abscesses; can rupture and cause haemorrhage
30
Signs of pulmonary thromboembolism
Fast resp rate, snoring sounds on bronchi; if haemorrhage see epistaxis, melaenia if swallowed; can progress to sudden death in pool of blood + on bloods; likely see signs of liver damage, anaemia
31
What is allergic alveolitis
= Bovine farmer's lung Seen in housed cows due to repeated exposure to mouldy hay dust > Primary exposure: mould spores penetrate lower airways and germinate to produce 'Farmer's lung hay antigen' > Subsequent exposure give TYPE III and IV HYPERSENSITIVITY reaction
32
Clinical signs and PM results in bovine farmer's lung
Increased resp rate, dyspnoea, coughing, caudo-ventral crackles, weight loss if chronic PM: small grey spots b/w pleura in lungs
33
What is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
=notifiable disease (no longer in UK) From Mycoplasma mycoides var mycoides
34
Cause of malignant catarrhal fever
Ovine herpes virus 2 > Diarrhoea signs more obvious than resp
35
Which breeds are prone to milk alergy
Channel island breeds - Allergy is to alpha-caesin
36
Roughly what % of fat and protein should milk replacer be
20% protein 20% fat
37
3 most common primary pathogens in enzootic pneumonia of calves
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus = BHV1
38
What organisms can be primary pathogens in enzootic pneumonia of calves in poor husbandry situations
Mycoplasma, ureaplasma + pasteurellas, H somnus
39
secondary pathogens in calf enzootic pneumonia
** Mannheimia haemolytica + also see Salmonella, C pyogenes
40
Basic summary of progression through calf enzootic pneumonia
1) URT viral: pyrexia, thin nasal discharge, local inflammatino 2) LRT viral: more widespread inflammation + mucus response; thicker nasal discharge 3) LRT bacterial: coughing up mucopurulent discharge; shivering
41
What is acute neonatal respiratory syndrome
Seen in some premature calves - Due to failure of maturation of type II pneumocytes
42
Types of acute pneumonias seen in calves
1) Acute pneumonia from overwhelming bacterial infection during enzootic pneumonia 2) Acute necrotising pneumonia; due to drenching = inhalation pneumonia
43
What is 'calf sleeper syndrome'
Thrombo-embolic meningoencephalitis - Likely Mycoplasma as primary pathogen - Then histophilus somnus
44
Ideal conditions for housed calves to avoid stress
Temp 13-22 degrees 70% humidity Good ventilation Acoid crowing Separate age groups Isolation of recent purchases
45
WHat would bromhexidine hydrochloride be used for in calf resp disease
As a mucolytic; can be combined with antibiotic to ensure better penetration of the antibiotic
46
Pathological features of mycoplasma pneumonia
Usually a chronic bronchopneumonia; non-suppurative and lymphocytic See consolidation of cranio-ventral lobes with red/grey collapsed areas Key histopath = peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuff
47
Pathological features of acute bacterial pneumonia
Grossly lung is full and red cranioventral consolidation due to inflammatory exudate of neutrophils and macrophages
48
Pathological features of chronic bacterial pneumonia
= suppurative Bronchiectasis due to bacterial toxins damaging bronchioles making them necrotic and permanently dilated Fibrosis Can get cor pulmonlae = hypertrophy of RV muscle due to high pressure of lungs (vasoconstricted)
49
Which bacteria are commonly isolated from chronic suppurative pneumonias
Trueperella pyogenes; gram +ve haemolytic, facultative anaerobic rod = commensal opportunist Fusobacterium necrophrum; gram -ve rod shaped bacillus; invasive; causes tissue damage
50
When do we see pharyngeal abscesses and which organisms are involved
In calves; epithelial damage due to things stuck down pharynx - Often T pyogenes Can also get F necrophorum; will see mass of necrotic tissue = part of calf diptheria
51
Causative agent of calf diptheria
Fusobacterium necrophorum
52
What is the main causative agent of necrotising laryngitis
= Trueperella pyogenes
53
What can be a consequence of necrotising laryngitis
Aspiration pneumonia which will be suppurative +/- necrotising Cranio-venrtral
54
Cause of embolic suppurative pneumonia
Bacterial emboli within circulation; often a complication of navel ill and acute septic arthritis/meningitis
55
Pathological features of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Lesions in nasal passages, trachea, pneumonia Get necrosis of epithelial cells THEN can get secondary bacterial infections causing suppuration along whole length of resp tract
56
Which is the only primary bacterial pneumonia due to
Manheimia haemolytica
57
Pathological features of acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (due to M haemolytica)
Fibrino-puulent exudate Lungs mottled with yellow, white, red
58
Which two agents commonly cause emphysema and how do we differentiate
RSV; in housed calves Bovine lungworm; cattle at pasture
59
Key histopath features of fog fever
{Diffuse alveolar damage but smoother apperance to cut surface} Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes; hyaline membranes seen
60
What is atypical interstitial pneumonia
Response to chronic lung injury e.g from diffuse alveolar damage --> Called diffuse fibrosing alveolitis See heavy pale lungs with lots of collageb
61
MOst common cause of cor pulmonale
Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis
62
What does granulomatous pneumonia suggest
Bovine TB
63
What is bronchiolitis obliterans
Occurs following chronic bronchiolitis/bronchitis e.g in Bovine farmer's lung - Bronchioles can't clear inflammatory debris SO fibroblasts infiltrate and get fibrin rich exudate and collagen formation - Forms polyp within lumen THEN hypertrophy of smooth muscle in pulmonary arteries - Pressure can lead to cor pulmonale
64
Approach to diagnosing respiratory infections in cattle
PCR is the best; should do this on tracheal wash, BAL or fresh PM lung fluid rather than nasopharyngeal swab (more likely to get commensals) Can also do rising titre of antibodies in serum Test faeces for L1 larvae (baermann sedimentation) History important; new pasture? group issue? Any thing done recently e.g drenching? Change in feed? Brought in? Any new arrivals?
65
Generic treatments for respiratory disease (infectious)
Antibiotics; if in doubt choose something broad spec that treats mycoplasma e.g oxytetracycline, macrolides Mucolytics; bromhexidine hydrochloride in water; can help increase penetration of Abs NSAIDs good Supportive therapy e.g fluids `
66
What vaccines are available for respiratoyr disease in cattle
For calves: * Live intranasal IBR and PI3 vaccine * Systemic live vaccine for RSV * To prevent shipping fever can do Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine (killed) before risk periods *Live irradiated L3 vaccine for lungworm
67

Cattle (20 decks)

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