Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Small Animal Studies > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Define polydipsia

A

Drinking over 100ml/kg/24hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the different between uraemia and azotaemia

A

Uraemia: Clinical syndrome from loss of kidney function, involving multiple metabolic derangements
Azotaemia: Abnormal concentration of urea, creatinine and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 3 ways increased phosphate affects calcium?

Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Increases the production of PTH (mobilises calcium from bone and increases reabsorption in the gut)
  2. Binds to calcium, decreasing the ionized concentration
  3. Decreases calcitriol (inhibitor of PTH release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 3 hormones does the kidney produce?

A
  1. Renin
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of anaemia would you expect in CKD?

A

Normocytic normochromic non-regenerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much loss (%) of functioning nephrons is implied by azotaemia?

A

At least 75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define:

  1. Pollakiuria
  2. Stranguria
  3. Dysuria
  4. Incontinence
A
  1. Increased frequency of urination
  2. Straining to urinate
  3. Difficulty urinating
  4. Inappropriate dribbling of urine during the storage phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q 
What UPC (urine protein: creatinine ratio) indicates proteinuric?
What indicates glomerulonephropathy?
A

> 0.5 (dogs)
0.4 (cats)
3 (glomerulonephropathy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name two diseases that may cause glucose in the urine

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Fanconi syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In which disease may you see ketones in the urine?

A

Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In which species is bilirubiuria ALWAYS abnormal?

What 3 things can it indicate?

A

Cat

Anorexia, hepatic disease, haemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can you tell the difference between haematuria and haemoglobinuria?

A

Haematuria: RBCs will sediment out on centrifugation

Will remain pink in haemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are normal SGs for cats and dogs?

A

Cats > 1.035

Dogs > 1.030

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of urine cast is ALWAYS pathological?
What does it indicate?
Which type of urine cast is most common in cats, and not significant?

A

Waxy
Chronic tubular injury
Lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 phases in the pathophysiology of AKI?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Extension
  3. Maintenance
  4. Recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which 2 stages of the pathophysiology of AKI may be clinically silent?
Which stage would you often see azotaemia and uraemia?

A

Initiation + extension

Maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of urine and SG would you expect in renal disease?

A

Isosthenuric

1.008-1.012

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What clinical sign would you expect in ethylene glycol toxicity, and what would you see on urine examination?

A

CNS signs

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would you expect potassium levels to be in CKD vs AKI?

A

CKD: low/normal
AKI: hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are two antidotes to ethylene glycol poisoning?

When do they need to be given?

A

4-methylpyrazole (fomepizole)
3 hours in cats
Ethanol
Within 8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is oliguria?

How should you adjust IVFT if it occurs?

A

Urine output of <2ml/kg/hour

Reduce IVFT, place urinary catheter, start diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does hyperkalaemia cause? Is it in CKD or AKI?

What are 4 ways to correct it?

A

Bradycardia, AKI

  1. Fluid therapy
  2. Calcium gluconate (doesn’t low potassium but antagonises cardiac effects)
  3. Dextrose (stimulates insulin secretion)
  4. Sodium bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What anti-hypertensive should be AVOIDED in AKI?

A

ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name an anti-emetic

A

Maropitant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a UTI? | What species and sex are they most common in?
Adherence, multiplication and persistence of an infectious agent within the urinary system Female dogs
26
What is sporadic bacterial cystitis? | What is subclinical bacteriuria?
Bacterial infection + clinical signs | Bacterial infection with NO clinical signs
27
What number of WBCs per hpf indicates a UTI?
> 5
28
What are your first line antimicrobial treatments for sporadic bacterial cystitis?
Amoxicillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim
29
What is the definition of CKD?
Structural or functional abnormalities of one or both kidneys that have been there for 3 months or longer
30
Which is reversible, AKI or CKD?
CKD is an irreversible, slowly progressive disease
31
Which type of CKD do cats get compared to dogs?
Dogs: Glomerular disease Cats: tubulointerstitial disease
32
What 2 things does increased phosphate initiate in CKD?
1. Metastatic calcification | 2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism
33
Name 3 drugs that can be used to control hypertension
1. ACEi 2. Telmisartan 3. Amlodipine
34
In which stage should you start a renal diet in cats? | In this stage, what should phosphate levels aim to be?
Stage 2 | < 1.5mmol/l
35
When should you start a renal diet in dogs?
Stage 3 | Stage 2: If proteinuric or phosphate > 1.5mmol/l
36
What are 2 ways to reduce phosphate?
``` Renal diet Phosphate binders (e.g. Ipakitine, pronefra) ```
37
Name 2 appetite stimulants
Mirtazapine | Capromorelin
38
Name the treatment for gastric ulcers
Sucralfate
39
Give two ways of reducing gastric acid secretions | What stage of CKD would you want to use these in?
Omeprazole H2 antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine) Stage 3
40
Which 2 oral drugs could you use to control metabolic acidosis?
Sodium bicarbonate | Potassium citrate
41
What phosphate levels should you aim for in each stage of CKD? Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Stage 2 < 1.5mmol/l Stage 3 < 1.6mmol/l Stage 4 < 1.9mmol/l
42
What can you used to control anaemia? | What is the risk of this?
``` EPO supplement (Darbopoetin) and iron supplement May induce anti-EPO antibodies, causing refractory severe anaemia ```
43
What are three ways of minimising progression of CKD?
1. Renal diet 2. Control/reduce proteinuria 3. Control blood pressure
44
What is a risk factor for uraemia and death in CKD?
Proteinuria
45
What is the signalment for FLUTD? Which breed appears predisposed? Which sex is more prone to obstruction?
Young/middle aged (2-6 years old) neutered cats PERSIAN Males
46
What are 4 predisposing factors for FLUTD?
Obesity Multi-cat household Dry diet Indoor/sedentary
47
What are two causes of Feline Interstitial Cystitis?(feline idiopathic cystitis)
1. Altered neurotransmission to and from the bladder, causing neurogenic inflammation 2. Reduced GAG (glycosaminoglycan) layer of bladder
48
How is the HPA axis involved in FIC? What is the difference in ACTH stimulation test between FIC and healthy cats? How does this affect stress?
HPA axis isn't fully functional and smaller adrenal glands Decreased cortisol response in ACTH stimulation test FIC cats have an altered response to stress!
49
What is the most common cause of obstruction in cats and in which sex?
Urethral plugs | Males
50
What is the difference in urolithiasis involving struvite uroliths, in cats and dogs?
Cats - Sterile | Dogs - Associated with bacterial infection (staphylococcus spp.)
51
Which 2 types of drugs have been found to have NO positive effect in FIC? What are 4 treatments of FIC?
Antibiotics and Corticosteroids 1. Analgesia 2. Reduce stress 3. Dilute urine 4. GAG supplements
52
What analgesia is suitable for an FIC cat? | What should you avoid if renal function is compromised?
Buprenorphine (Vetergesic) | NSAIDs e.g. Meloxicam
53
What is the hall mark of glomerulopathy? How should you detect and quantify it? What about tubulointerstitial disease?
Proteinuria >2 Detect by dipstick, quantify by UPC Tubulointersitital tends to be < 2
54
What is the gold standard of diagnoses of glomerulopathy?
Renal biopsy
55
What is amyloidosis? | What is the average UPC?
Deposition of amyloid plaques in the glomeruli | Very high: 9
56
What commonly occurs before amyloidosis is Shar-peis?
Shar-pei fever | Self-limiting hyperthermia and swollen joints
57
What is the treatment for proteinuria? How do they reduce proteinuria? What is the risk with using them?
RAAS blockade Vasodilation of the efferent arterioles, reducing GFR May increase azotaemia
58
``` Which two drugs can you use to treat proteinuria and what class are they? In dogs, which should you use first? (according to the cascade) ```
ACi: Benazepril Angiotensin receptor blockers: Telmisartan Benazepril should be used first, as Telmisartan is only licensed in cats
59
Why shouldn't you use NSAIDs in animals with reduced renal function?
Cause constriction of afferent arteriole | Potential further kidney damage
60
1. What should you do before using immunosuppressive medication to treat glomerulopathies? 2. When is it indicated? 3. What can it affect in the future?
1. Seek specialist advice 2. Indicated if animal is doing poorly on standard treatment or liver biopsy suggests immune-mediated disease 3. It can affect the possibility of ever reaching a diagnosis in the future!
61
What are patients with glomerulopathies at high risk from? | What is the treatment?
``` Thromboembolism Clopidogrel (antiplatelets) ```
62
When should you treat systemic hypertension caused by glomerulopathy? What are drug choices in dogs and cats?
BP > 160mmHg Or evidence of end-organ damage Dog: Benazepril (ACEi) then amlodipine Cat: Amlodipine or telmisartan
63
What causes oedema in glomerulopathies? What is used to treat it? What is the risk?
Renal sodium retention Diuretics Severe azotaemia
64
Furosemide and Spironolactone are both diuretics. Which forms of oedema/effusion are each indicated for?
Furosemide: Pulmonary oedema and hyperkalaemia Sprinolactone: Pleural or abdominal effusion
65
What should you always start with if proteinuria is present?
Thromboprophylaxis: Clopidogrel
66
When should you treat high systolic pressure?
Aim to be <160mmHg | Treat if persistently above 180mmHg or if evidence of end-stage organ damage
67
When should you NOT give ACP?
Dehydrated or acutely unwell patients
68
Which antibiotics would be most suitable for a dog with bacterial prostatitis?
Sulphonamides or fluoroquinolones (e.g. enrofloxacin) | Increased penetration
69
What would be the earliest sign of volume overload in a dog receiving IVFT for oliguric acute kidney injury?
Increased respiratory rate
70
What could you give for hypertension in AKI?
``` Avoid ACEi (e.g. benazepril) Amlodipine ```
71
What would you see on biochemistry in Ethylene Glycol toxicity?
Very low calcium | Oxalate in ethylene complexes with calcium, reducing it

Small Animal Studies (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions