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Small Animal Studies > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What lung pattern would you expect with chronic bronchitis?

A

Bronchial cuffing
Thickened bronchial walls
“Doughnuts” and “tramlines”

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2
Q

When would you expect to hear coughing in cardiac compared to respiratory disease?

A

Cardiac disease: Coughing at night, when at rest/sleeping

Respiratory disease: Excitement/exertion

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3
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

A

Broncoscopy

BAL

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4
Q

What would you see on bronchoscopy of chronic bronchitis?

What differential diagnosis can bronchoscopy exclude?

A

Thickened mucosa, vessels are less visible and may have an irregular thickened “cobblestone” appearance
Tracheal/bronchiolar collapse (bronchomalacia)

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5
Q

What is bronchomalacia?

What respiratory sound may affected dogs have?

A

Bronchial cartilage degeneration
Results in dynamic bronchial collapse
Expiratory wheeze

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6
Q

What are the main drugs uses to treat chronic bronchitits?

A

Corticosteroids and bronchodilators

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7
Q

Name two causes of bronchopneumonia

A 
Chronic bronchitis
Myasthenia gravis (+ megaoesophagus, inhalational)
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8
Q

What antibiotics would you use as a broad spectrum treatment for respiratory infections?

A

Clavulonate potentiated amoxicillin

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9
Q

What antibiotics would you use in life-threatening pneumonia/bronchopneumonia?

A

Potentiated amoxicillin
Fluoroquinolone
Metronidazole

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10
Q

What clinical sign can chronic bronchial foreign bodies present with?

A

Halitosis

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11
Q

What is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?
What is the signalment?
What would you see on bronchoscopy and BAL?
What is the main treatment?

A 
Hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens (or migrating parasites)
Young, large breed dogs
Copious amounts of yellow/green mucus
> 25% eosinophils
Prednisolone +/- Fenbendazole
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12
Q

How would air-trapping and dyspnoea look on a radiograph?

A

Flattened diaphragm

Barrel chested

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13
Q

What does obstructive inspiratory dyspnoea indicate?

A

Upper airway obstruction

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14
Q

What does obstructive expiratory dyspnoea indicate?

A

Bronchial narrowing

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15
Q

What does restrictive dyspnoea indicate?

A

Pulmonary or pleural disease

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16
Q

What are 3 ways of diagnosing Angiostrongylosis?

A
  1. Fecal Baermanns (larvae)
  2. Direct microscopy of rectal swab smeared onto slide
  3. Angio Detect (IDEXX)
17
Q

What radiographic lung pattern would you see in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What breed is it often seen in?

A

Interstitial markings

WHWT

18
Q

How does a pulmonary thromboembolism present?

How would you diagnose it?

A

Sudden onset dyspnoea
No abnormal lung sounds or auscultation, normal radiographic findings
Blood gas analysis

19
Q

What are 4 causes of pleural effusions?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Increased vascular or pleural permeability
  3. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  4. Increased fluid production
20
Q

What are the protein and cell counts expected in exudate?

A

Protein > 25 or 30g/L

Cells > 5 x 10^9/L

21
Q

What would you expect to find on gross appearance and cytology of septic inflammatory exudate?

A

Viscous, turbid, purulent

Degenerate neutrophils, bacteria, macrophages, mesothelial cells

22
Q

In the placing of a chest drain, where is the skin incision made?
Where does the thoracostomy tube enter the chest?

A

10-11th IC space
7-8th IC space
Skin incision made caudally so as to give a safety margin, to reduce the risk of introducing air/infection

23
Q

What will happen upon air leakage through or in a thoracotomy tube?

A

Subcutaneous emphysema/pneumothorax

24
Q

When should you remove a chest drain and how?

A

<2mls fluid/kg/day

Remove on expiration

25
Q

What must you be careful with approach to the cervical trachea?

A

Segmental blood supply

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

26
Q

What is the treatment of idiopathic chylothorax?

A

Thoracocentesis
Low fat diet (+ medium chain triglycerids?)
Benzopyrone drugs (rutin)

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of a nasopharyngeal obstruction?

What are 3 causes in the cat?

A

Stertorous/snoring URT noise, no nasal air flow, mouth breathing

  1. Nasopharyngeal polyp (MC)
  2. Nasal tumour
  3. Nasopharyngeal stenosis (rare)
28
Q

What is the signalment of Aspergillosis in dogs? (doesn’t occur in cats)

A

Unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, becoming sanguinous
Epistaxis and pain
Normal airflow bilaterally

29
Q

What is the hallmark of nasal foreign body?

A

Acute onset severe sneezing

Small Animal Studies (10 decks)

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