Respiratory Flashcards
What lung pattern would you expect with chronic bronchitis?
Bronchial cuffing
Thickened bronchial walls
“Doughnuts” and “tramlines”
When would you expect to hear coughing in cardiac compared to respiratory disease?
Cardiac disease: Coughing at night, when at rest/sleeping
Respiratory disease: Excitement/exertion
How do you confirm diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?
Broncoscopy
BAL
What would you see on bronchoscopy of chronic bronchitis?
What differential diagnosis can bronchoscopy exclude?
Thickened mucosa, vessels are less visible and may have an irregular thickened “cobblestone” appearance
Tracheal/bronchiolar collapse (bronchomalacia)
What is bronchomalacia?
What respiratory sound may affected dogs have?
Bronchial cartilage degeneration
Results in dynamic bronchial collapse
Expiratory wheeze
What are the main drugs uses to treat chronic bronchitits?
Corticosteroids and bronchodilators
Name two causes of bronchopneumonia
Chronic bronchitis Myasthenia gravis (+ megaoesophagus, inhalational)
What antibiotics would you use as a broad spectrum treatment for respiratory infections?
Clavulonate potentiated amoxicillin
What antibiotics would you use in life-threatening pneumonia/bronchopneumonia?
Potentiated amoxicillin
Fluoroquinolone
Metronidazole
What clinical sign can chronic bronchial foreign bodies present with?
Halitosis
What is Eosinophilic Bronchopneumopathy?
What is the signalment?
What would you see on bronchoscopy and BAL?
What is the main treatment?
Hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens (or migrating parasites) Young, large breed dogs Copious amounts of yellow/green mucus > 25% eosinophils Prednisolone +/- Fenbendazole
How would air-trapping and dyspnoea look on a radiograph?
Flattened diaphragm
Barrel chested
What does obstructive inspiratory dyspnoea indicate?
Upper airway obstruction
What does obstructive expiratory dyspnoea indicate?
Bronchial narrowing
What does restrictive dyspnoea indicate?
Pulmonary or pleural disease
What are 3 ways of diagnosing Angiostrongylosis?
- Fecal Baermanns (larvae)
- Direct microscopy of rectal swab smeared onto slide
- Angio Detect (IDEXX)
What radiographic lung pattern would you see in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What breed is it often seen in?
Interstitial markings
WHWT
How does a pulmonary thromboembolism present?
How would you diagnose it?
Sudden onset dyspnoea
No abnormal lung sounds or auscultation, normal radiographic findings
Blood gas analysis
What are 4 causes of pleural effusions?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Increased vascular or pleural permeability
- Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- Increased fluid production
What are the protein and cell counts expected in exudate?
Protein > 25 or 30g/L
Cells > 5 x 10^9/L
What would you expect to find on gross appearance and cytology of septic inflammatory exudate?
Viscous, turbid, purulent
Degenerate neutrophils, bacteria, macrophages, mesothelial cells
In the placing of a chest drain, where is the skin incision made?
Where does the thoracostomy tube enter the chest?
10-11th IC space
7-8th IC space
Skin incision made caudally so as to give a safety margin, to reduce the risk of introducing air/infection
What will happen upon air leakage through or in a thoracotomy tube?
Subcutaneous emphysema/pneumothorax
When should you remove a chest drain and how?
<2mls fluid/kg/day
Remove on expiration
