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Small Animal Studies > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common bacterial skin commensal?

What is the most common fungal skin commensal?

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Malassezia

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2
Q

What is an example of a primary skin pathogen?

A

Dermatophytes

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3
Q

What is pyotraumatic dermatitis caused by?

What is the treatment?

A

Self-trauma due to underlying trigger: allergy, pruritus, pain
Clip, clean, topical antiseptics/antimicrobials, steroids

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4
Q

What is the common locations for Bacterial Overgrowth?

What is the differential diagnosis

A

Ventral trunk and interdigital spaces

Malassezia dermatitis

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5
Q

What may you see on cytological examination of deep pyoderma that you wouldn’t see with superficial or surface pyoderma?

A

Erythrocytes

Macrophages

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6
Q

Is surface pyoderma pyogenic? What WOULDN’T you see on cytological exmination?

A

Not pyogenic

Wouldn’t see neutrophils

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7
Q

What is the best way to sample a deep pyodermal infection for culture?

A

Fresh tissue sample (biopsy punch)

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8
Q

What is MRSP?

What is it resistant to?

A

Meticillin Resistant S. pseudintermedius
Beta-lactams (penicillins) + fluoroquinolones
Can be multidrug resistant or panresistant

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9
Q

What are risk factors for MRSP?

A

Hospital admission
Multiple vet visits
Previous (especially broad spectrum) systemic antimicrobials

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10
Q

How long should you treat deep pyoderma with systemic antimicrobials?
What do you do if progress stops with treatment?

A

Treat past clinical, cytological and palpable cure (4-12 weeks)
Repeat culture

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11
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of pathogenesis of Canine Atopic Dermatitis?

A
  1. Cutaneous inflammation and pruritus
  2. Defective skin barrier function
  3. Microbial colonisation
  4. Other flare factors
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12
Q

What is the age range at which dogs develop signs of cAD?

What about FIAD?

A

< 3 years old (up to 6 years)

FIAD < 1 year old

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13
Q

How many of Favrot’s criteria is needed for a diagnosis of cAD with 85% sensitivity and 79% specificity

A

5/7 criteria

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14
Q

Name a pruritic cytokine involved in cAD

A

Interleukin-31 (IL-31)

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15
Q

Name a pruritic cytokine involved in cAD

What specific therapy targets this?

A

Interleukin-31 (IL-31)
Lokivetmab (Cytopoint) injections
Anti-canine IL-31 monoclonal antibody

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16
Q

When should oclacitinib (Apoquel) NOT be used?

A

In dogs < 12 months

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17
Q

When should oclacitinib (Apoquel) NOT be used?

What is its action?

A

In dogs < 12 months, immunosuppressed
Breeding dogs
Serious infections Underlying neoplasia
Janus kinase inhibitor (JAK 1)

18
Q

If ear margins are affected, what is your most likely diagnosis?

A

Mites

NOT cAD

19
Q

If ear margins are affected, what is your most likely diagnosis?
If dorso-lumbar area affected?

A

Mites
Fleas
NOT cAD

20
Q

What is a signs of a compromised skin barrier?

A

Increased transepidermal water loss

21
Q

What is an adverse effect of systemic glucocorticoids in relation to the endocrine system?

A

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism

22
Q

What is the mechanism of Ciclosporin (Atopica)?

Why is it not often used?

A

Oral calcineurin inhibitor

Expensive in large breed dogs

23
Q

Rate the treatments for cAD with:
Ant-inflammatory
To
Antipruritic

A

Corticosteroids/systemic glucocorticoids
Ciclosporin
Oclacitinib
Lokivetmab

24
Q

Which is the gold-standard for elimination diets?

A

Home-cooked

25
Q

What part of the body is Oclacitinib not advised for? What is the risk?

A

Feet

Pododermatitis

26
Q

What are two differential diagnosis for ear margin seborrhea?
What breed is predisposed to it?

A
  1. Scabies
  2. Vasculitis (early)
    Dachshunds
27
Q

What two types of glands are located in the ear?

A

Sebaceous and ceruminous

28
Q

What is a common disease progression of secondary disease in otitis externa?

A
  1. Malassezia
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Gram -ve rods
    Psudemonas aeruginosa (end-point)
29
Q

Name 3 primary causes of otitis externa

A

Grass seeds
Parasites
FIAD/cAD

30
Q

Name 3 perpetuating causes of otitis externa

A
  1. Rupture/dilation of tymphanum
  2. Hyperplasia of glandular tissue
  3. Changes in ear canal (stenosis, oedema, hyperplasia, inflammation)
31
Q

Name 4 predisposing causes of otitis externa

A
  1. Ear confirmation
  2. Obstructive (polyps, neoplasia)
  3. Water
  4. Altered microflora
32
Q

What are 3 consequences of Otitis Media?

A
  1. Conduction deafness
  2. Vestibular syndrome
  3. Horner’s syndrome
33
Q

What breeds can present with PSOM (Primary Secretory Otitis Media)

A

CKCS

Brachycephalics

34
Q

What is myringotomy?

Where is the incision made?

A

Creating a hole in the tymphanic membrane for sampling/fluid drainage
Caudoventral aspect of pars tensa

35
Q

What 4 clinical signs can present with otitis interna?

A
  1. Head tilt (towards the affected side)
  2. Falling
  3. Vomiting/anorexia
  4. Asymmetrical limb ataxia (NO PARESIS)
36
Q

What is the most likely cause of these type of exudates from the ear?

  1. Dry coffee grounds
  2. Moist brown exudate
  3. Purulent yellow/green + malodourous
  4. Ceruminous discharge, little smell
A
  1. Otodectes cynotis
  2. Staphylococcus spp. or Malassezia spp.
  3. Pseudomonas spp. (or other gram -ves)
  4. cAD, FIAD
37
Q

How do you check the integrity of the tymphanic membrane?

A

Flush back and forth with sterile saline, if bubble(s) appear there is a hole present

38
Q

When should you ALWAYS do bacteriology in otitis?

A

If rods present (for antibiotic choice)
If treatment failure or suspicion of MRS(P)
In pyogranulomatous inflammation (hard to see organisms on cytology)

39
Q

What type of ear cleaner should you pick if presented with waxy discharge?
What abut mucoid, purulent discharge?

A

Ceruminolytics (emulsify ear wax for easier removal, Cleanaural)
High water content (TRIZChlor or Otodine)

40
Q

What should you NOT use in the treatment of Chronic allergic otitis? (FIAD, cAD)

A

Antibiotics

Use cleaning, control of the cAD, and local topical steroids

41
Q

What does Psuedomonas cause in the tymphanic membrane and how?

A

TM rupture

Production of collagenase

42
Q

What is the treatment for Pseudomonas otitis?

A

Ear cleaner - TRIZChlor (disenfectant)
Ear cream - Marbofloxacin/Dexamethasone
Prednisolone

Small Animal Studies (10 decks)

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