urinary Flashcards
failure of one or both ureters to terminate in the normal location
ectopic ureter
what breeds are predisposed to ectopic ureters
husky
lab/golden
westies
young female lab that is incontinent and cant be house trained, also is showing urine scald and UTI
ectopic ureter
how accurate is excretory urography in diagnosing ectopic ureters
76%
ectopic ureter that enters into the neck, urethra, or vagina
extramural
ectopic ureter that enters normally but exits abnormally
intramural
T/F
extramural ectopic ureters are the most common in dogs
FALSE – intramural are
dilation of distal ureter that was a persistent membrane in embryonic development
ureterocele
how to DX ureterocele
IV urography
COBRA HEAD SIGN
ultrasonography
what is a cobra head sign asscoiated with
ureterocele
treatment of intravesicular ureterocele
ureterocelectomy
ectopic ureterocele treament
neoureterocystostomy with ureterocelectomy
1 cause of ureteral trauma
iatrogenic
diagnose ureteral trauma
uroretroperitoneum
uroabdomen
clamp injury leads to ureteral trauma after how many minutes
60
Ureteroureterostomy
ureteral anastomosis
procedure of choice for proximal ureter
high incidence of complications
Neoureterocystostomy
ureteral reimplantation
Used when proximal ureteral length is insufficient to reach the bladder but long enough to cross midline
transureterourostomy
Fixes the bladder in a more cranial position
psoas hitch
Most common indication for ureteral surgery
ureterolithiasis -most are radiopaque calcium oxalate so use radiographs to dx
T/F
medical management is a good option for urolithiasis
false - most are calcium oxalate which are not dissolvable
sx if lithotripsy fails
indications for permanent ureteral stenting
stone
tumor
stricture
blood clot
most common developmental abnormality of male genitalia
hypospadias
incomplete formation of the penile urethra
hypospadias
breed that commonly gets hypospadias
boston terriers
protrusion of urethral mucosa through orifice
urethra prolapse
what breeds are urethral prolapse common in
young male brachycephalics
young bulldog comes in bleeding from his prepuce and licking it, you notice a red purple mass
urethral prolapse
T/F
plain radiographs are the best diagnostic tool for urethral trauma
false - need to do positive contrast urethrogram
common locations of urethral obstructions in cats
distal 1/3 of urethra
normally mucus plugs, crystals or stones
common urethral obstructions in dogs
ischial arch or caudal os penis
stones
creating a temporary opening into the urethra
prescrotal urethrotomy - indicated when calculi cannot be hydropropulsed
forming a permanent opening of the urethra at a new site
urethrostomy
scrotal is preferred in dogs
indications for a urethrostomy
permanent damage
recurrent urethral obstruction
obrtruction that cannot be retropulsed
T/F
prescrotal urethrostomy has a higher incidence of urine scald than scrotal urethrostomy
TRUE
also has more cavernous tissue and is ONLY indicated when a more distal approach is not possible
a salvage procedure to treat FLUTDS and calculi in male cats
perineal urethrostomy
T/F
perineal urethrostomy in cats will prevent FLUTDS and will lower the incidence of bacterial cystitis
FALSE – does not prevent FLUTDS and will increase incidence of bacterial cystitis
in a perineal urethrostomy dissect to the level of …
bbu gland / pelvic urethra
Creation of a urethrostomy on the ventral body wall cranial to the pubis
antepubic urethrostomy
indications for antepubic urethrostomy
recurrent pelvic urethral obstruction
or
failed perineal urethrostomy that cannot be revised
where is the incision approach for female dogs and all cats for antepubic urethrostomy
ventral midline
where is the incision approach for male dogs for antepubic urethrostomy
parapreputial
what ligament of the bladder should be avoided during surgery
lateral ligaments
region between the urethra and ureteral opening
trigone
ligament of the bladder that can be cut during cystotomy
ventral ligament
what is the ventral ligament of the bladder called in a fetus
urachus
embryonic conduit providing communication between the bladder and allantoic sac
urachus – atrophies at birth
clinical signs of a persistent urachus
patent urachal canal dribbling from umbilicus omphalitis ventral abdominal dermatitis UTI
how to diagnose persistent urachus
place contract in the umbilicus
when the persistent distal urachus remains open
urachal sinus
when the secreting urachal epithelium persists
urachal cyst
T/F
in any trauma, consider the bladder ruptured until you can rule it out
true
T/F
palpable bladder rules out rupture
false
T/F
normal urination rules out ruptured bladder
false
T/F
urine retrieval by catheter rules out bladder rupture
false
death in ___ hours by bladder rupture
47-90
T/F
plain radiographs can diagnose ruptured bladder
false – they will only see abdominal fluid or absence of bladder – there will be decreased serosal detail
how to diagnose ruptured bladder
positive contrast urethrocystogram
in a bladder rupture, when you perform an abdominocentesis how will the urea, creatinine, and potassium in the fluid compare to the serum
urea = serum urea
crea > serum crea
fluid K > serum K
needed for urinary diversion
tube cystotomy
indications for cystopexy
tube cystotomy
perineal hernia
urinary incontinence associated with pelvic bladder
most common location of cystic calculi
bladder
UTI in 76% of cases
how to diagnose cystic calculi
plain radiographs
pneumocystography
double contrast cystography
u/s
what stones are radiolucent
cystine and urate
most common surgery of the bladder and urolith removal
cystotomy
preferred approach for cystotomy
ventral – increased exposure of the bladder neck and acan visualize ureteral orificies
most common bladder tumor of dogs
transitional cell carcinoma –
97% malignant
what dog breed seems to get TCC most
scottish terriers – especially older females
most common tumor in cats urinary tract
renal lymphoma
most common bladder tumor of cats
bladder TCC
where do bladder tumors typically form in dogs
the trigone
where do bladder tumors typically form in cats
apex
predisposing factors for transition cell carcinoma
obesity
insecticide exposure
herbicide
cyclophophamide
MST with chemo treatments of TCC
4-6 months
partial cystectomy of TCC tumor with borders >___cm
1 cm
neprolithiasis surgery indicated if…
obstructed or infection associated with calculi
nephrolithotomy approach
ventral midline celiotomy
mobilize kidney and make a saggital incison
surgery for when the calculi is in the renal pelvis and dilated
pyelolithotomy
progressive dilatation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the renal parenchyma
hydronephrosis
T/F
bilateral hydronephrosis can cause severe azotemia and death
true
ascending infection predisposed by damaged parenchyma in the kidney
pyelonephritis
giant kidney worm
dioctophyma renale
most common benign neoplasia
renal adenoma
most common renal neoplasia in dogs
renal cell carcinoma
MST renal carcinoma in dogs
9 months
T/F
surgery is indicated for cats with renal lymphoma
false
congenital renal neoplasia in young dogs and cats
embryonic nephroblastoma
embryonic nephroblastoma MST
6 months
how accurate are abdominal rads for an abdominal mass? for a kidney mass?
81% abdominal
54% renal
how accurate are ultrasounds for an abdominal mass? for a kidney mass?
100% abdominal mass
85% renal mass
contraindications with renal biopsy
coagulopathies
hypertension
severe chronic hydronephrosis
sample size for a renal biopsy
> 5-6 glomeruli
preferred renal biopsy method
ultrasound guided
MST with renal transplant
613 days
23% do not survive discharge
