Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 2 cramming > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What leads to Albuminuria

A

Damage to glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lowered albumin in blood has what effect

A

Makes it hypotonic
Fluid moves via osmosis from blood into tissues
Blood volume DECREASES & interstitial fluid volume increases causing oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is oedema caused

A

Glomerular capillaries damaged, become leaky
Leads to plasma protein loss -Albuminuria
Blood then becomes hypotonic, fluid leaks into tissues
Blood volume decreased interstitial fluid volume increases causing oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is RENIN

A

An enzyme secreted by kidneys if BP too low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Renin do

A

Converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensin 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ACE and what secretes it

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Secreted by lungs & kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does angiotensin converting enzyme do

A

Converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 it’s active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do kidneys secrete renin if BP too low

A

Because require adequate pressure to filter blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 actions of angiotensin 2

A

Triggers vasoconstriction
Triggers pituitary gland to release ADH
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 actions of aldosterone

A

Causes kidneys to retain Na

And extrete K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Effect of retaining Na and excreting K in blood

A

Causes water retention

Increases blood volume & pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is ADH secreted

A

Reduced water concentration in blood & lowered blood volume (sweating/haemorrhage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effect of ADH

A

Increases permeability of distal convoluted tubules, increasing water re absorption, rebalancing osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ANP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Released from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does heat release atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Large increase in blood volume/pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is the opposite to

A

Angiotensin 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effect of calcitriol

A

Increases calcium & phosphorous absorption/retention

Increases bone calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plasma protein loss

A

Albuminuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

definition glomerular sclerosis

A

scarring/fibrosis of glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

scarring/fibrosis glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

definition nephrotic syndrome

A

leaky glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

leaky glomeruli

A

nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2 causes glomerular sclerosis

A

diabetes (end stage)

glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 causes nephrotic syndrome

A 
glomerulonephritis
diabetic glomerulsclerosis
systemic lupus erythmatosus
infections (malaria. hepatitis)
drug treatments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q 
glomerulonephritis
diabetic glomerulosclerosis
systemic lupus erythmatosus
infections
drug treatments cause
A

nephrotic sydrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

s/sx glomerular sclerosis

A

congestion of glomerular capillaries inhibits blood flow

leads to high BP as kidneys produce more renin to increase blood flow & restore GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

congestion of glomerular capillaries inhibits blood flow
leads to high BP as kidneys produce more renin to
increase blood flow & restore GFR

A

glomerular sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

s/sx nephrotic syndrome

A

albumiuria - low plasma osmotic pressure & hypotonic capillaries so fluid moves into tissues throughout body - oedema
weight gain, pallor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nephrotic syndrome BP?

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

glomerular sclerosis BP?

A

high

31
Q

blood urea & creatinine nephrotic syndrome

A

normal

32
Q

albuminuria - low plasma osmotic pressure & hypotonic capillaries, blood flows into tissues - oedema
weigh gain, pallor
normal BP
normal blood urea, creatinine

A

nephrotic syndrome

33
Q

treatment glomerular sclerosis

A

treat cause

34
Q

treat nephrotic syndrome

A

glucocorticoids

35
Q

5 other bodily indicators renal pathology

A 
oedema
headaches
exhaustion
nausea
vomiting
36
Q

4 characteristics of appearance of patient with renal problems

A

pale
puffy face
bags under eyes
swollen hands/feet

37
Q

blood test - 4 typical findings with urinary tract problems

A

anaemia
low K, Na, Ca
high urea
high creatinine

38
Q

painful burning urination

A

dysuria

39
Q

large quantity of urine

A

polyuria

40
Q

little urine

A

oliguria

41
Q

no urine

A

anuria

42
Q

albumin in urin

A

albuminuria

43
Q

bacteria in urine

A

bacteriuria

44
Q

waking to urinate in the night

A

nocturia

45
Q

blood in urine

A

haematuria

46
Q

4 s/sx UTI

A 
dysuria
suprapubic pain
haematuria
cloudy, smelly urine
frequent urge to go
47
Q

what found in urine dipstick test for UTI

A

nitrates

WBCs, RBCs

48
Q 
dysuria
suprapubic pain
haematuria
cloudy, smelly urine
frequent urge to go
A

UTI

49
Q 
pain in lower back
dysuria
frequent urge to go - only passing small amounts
dark, smelly, cloudy urine
systemic - malaise, nausea, fever
A

cystitis (acute)

50
Q

5 sx acute cystitis

A 
pain in lower back
dysuria
frequent urge to go - only passing small amounts
dark, smelly, cloudy urine
systemic - malaise, nausea, fever
51
Q

what would come up on dipstick for cystitis

A

bacteria, WBCs, maybe blood

52
Q

what causes chronic cystitis

A

older men

enlarged prostate obstructs urine flow causing residual urine

53
Q

collective term for inflammatory disorders of kidney

A

glomerulonephritis

54
Q

cause glomerulonephritis

A

autoimmune - usually 1-3 wks after bacterial infection

55
Q

antigen-antibody immune complexes formed in response to reaction
deposited in glomeruli - damages
leads to leaky capillaries & excessive cell proliferation
kidneys affected symmetrically
protein & RBCs escape into urine
congestion in glomeruli caused by fibrin deposits, platelet aggregation - slows GFR

A

glomerulonephritis

56
Q

pathophysiology glomerulonephritis

A

antigen-antibody immune complexes formed in response to reaction
deposited in glomeruli - damages
leads to leaky capillaries & excessive cell proliferation
kidneys affected symmetrically
protein & RBCs escape into urine
congestion in glomeruli caused by fibrin deposits, platelet aggregation - slows GFR

57
Q 
back pain
dark cloudy urine
oliguria
facial, periorbital oedema
increased BP
systemic - tiredness, headaches, fever, nausea
A

Glomerulonephritis

58
Q

6 sx glomerulonephritis

A 
back pain
dark cloudy urine
oliguria
facial, periorbital oedema
increased BP
systemic - tiredness, headaches, fever, nausea
59
Q

why facial & periorbital oedema in glomerulonephritis

A

Na & water retention

60
Q

why increased BP glomerulonephritis

A

carring/fibrosis of glomerular capillaries decreases blood flow through the kidneys - decreases GFR - kidneys secrete renin to raise BP

61
Q

3 conditions glomerulonephritis likely to present with

A

glomerular scarring - sclerosis
nephrotic syndrome
nephritic syndrome

62
Q

diabetic damage to large BVs

A

macro angiopathy

63
Q

diabetic damage to small BVs

A

microangiopathy

64
Q

how to diagnose diabetic kidney

A

albuminuria

65
Q 
initially none
fatigue, nasea, vomiting
itchy skin
metal taste in mouth
heartburn
oedema in limbs eyelids
A

diabetic kidney

66
Q

6 sx diabetic kidney

A 
initially none
fatigue, nasea, vomiting
itchy skin
metal taste in mouth
heartburn
oedema in limbs eyelids
67
Q

define acute pyelonephritis

A

acute microbial infection of renal pelvis/medulla
has spread up from bladder
renal pelvis/calyces fill with purulent exudate
medulla is inflamed, abscesses, necrosis may be present

68
Q

acute pyelonephritis - define - 4

A

acute microbial infection of renal pelvis/medulla
has spread up from bladder
renal pelvis/calyces fill with purulent exudate
medulla is inflamed, abscesses, necrosis may be present

69
Q

pyelonephritis symmetrical or one sided

A

often one sided

70
Q 
causes - 
infection speading up from bladder
obstructed flow urine
pregnancy
diabetes
gout
medication abuse
A

acute pyelonephritis

71
Q

diagnosis pyelonephritis urine & blood

A

urine - bacteriuria
haematuria
urinary casts
blood - elevated ESR, WBCs

72
Q

3 criteria to diagnose chronic pyelonephritis

A

pus in urine
bacteria in urine
high ESR

73
Q

2 forms dialysis

A

haemodialysis

peritoneal dialysis

Exam 2 cramming (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions