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Exam 2 cramming > Previous Exam 1 > Flashcards

Previous Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In tubular reabsorption renal tubules and WHAT are absorb 99% of filtered water & useful solutes

A

Collecting Ducts/tubule cells

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2
Q

Urine secreted during tubular secretion is composed of water & wAste material including 3

A

Excess electrolytes
Drugs
Hormones

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3
Q

Complaints of severe colicky pain in kidney area radiating to groin
Pain so severe making nauseous
Very rapid pulse

A

Renal calculus

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4
Q

Renal calculi - what might you find in urine dipstick test

A

Microscopic blood

Trace blood

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5
Q

6 possible underlying causes renal calculi

A 
Dehydration
Alkaline/acid urine
Infection
Urine obstruction
Hyperparathyroidism
Gout
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6
Q

Advice given to kidney stone sufferer to prevent recurrence 5

A 
Treat any underlying condition
Adjust urine pH through diet
Reduce dietary load of oxalates & uric acid
Balance calcium levels
Increase fluid intake
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7
Q

Where is angiotensinogen

A

The liver

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8
Q

What overall effect does angiotensin2 have on blood pressure

A

Raises it

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9
Q

Glomerular filtration occurs in the

A

Renal capsule

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10
Q

2 other hormones secreted as a result of angiotensin 2 production which affect tubular re absorption and secretion

A

Aldosterone

Anti diuretic hormone

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11
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A

1-5 menstrual
6-13 preovulatory
14-17 ovulation
17+ post ovulatory phase

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12
Q

Which hormone secreted by anterior pituitary influences development/maturation of follicles

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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13
Q

Which hormone, secreted by Anterior Pituitary leads to rupturing of the mature follicle and expulsion of the egg

A

Luteinising hormone

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14
Q

What hormone is tested for in pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG

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15
Q

T/F placenta develops from mothers uterine cells

A

F

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16
Q

T/F

Mother & foetal blood cells cross the placenta

A

F

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17
Q

T/F certain drugs/stress hormones cross the placenta

A

True

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18
Q

T/F when placenta attaches close to or covering cervix it is referred to as placenta précis

A

T

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19
Q

List 3 clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome

A 
Cysts on ovaries
Multiple follicles on ovaries - pearl necklace
Amenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea
Anovulation
Infertility
Impaired glucose tolerance
Hyperinsulinsemia
Hirsuitism
High oestrogen
High testosterone
Acanthosis
Weight gain
Oily skin
Acne
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20
Q

Two forms orthodox medical treatment for pcos

A

OCP - with anti-androgen
Insulin resistance treatment - metformin
Weight loss

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21
Q

Mid-cycle bleeding/bleeding between cycles

A

Metorrhagia

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22
Q

Absence of periods

A

Amenorrhoea

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23
Q

Short cycle, frequent periods

A

Polymenorrhea

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24
Q

Breast tissue in male

A

Gynocomastia

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25
Q

Form/maintain myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

Hold neurons to blood supply & help make up blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

Form/maintain myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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28
Q

Phagocytic neuroglia
Mobile in brain
Multiply when brain damaged

A

Microglia

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29
Q

chemical synapse - nerve impulse travels down axon and finally arrives at the

A

synaptic end bulb

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30
Q

synapse - depolarisation phase causes what to open and all what into this end of the neuron

A

calcium channels

calcium

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31
Q

an increased concentration of these ions causes what of what, releasing neurotransmitters into the what?

A

exocytosis
synaptic vesicles
synaptic cleft

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32
Q

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the WHAT neurone. this opens ion channels here, allowing ions to flow across the membrane

A

postsynaptic neuron

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33
Q

the change in ion concentration then triggers what in this neuron

A

an action potential

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34
Q

what is the potential energy of a neurone at REST

A

-70mV

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35
Q

which channels/gates in the nerve membrane are BLOCKED by anaesthetics?

A

sodium channels/gates

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36
Q

tonic-clonic seizures caused by intense/abnormal electrical activity in the brain

A

Grand Mal Epilepsy

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37
Q

formation of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex with atrophy of the nervous tissue.
symptoms start with inability to incorporate new info and memories despite the retention of old info

A

alzheimer’s disease/dementia

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38
Q

lack of movement, mask like face, low voice, shuffling steps

muscle tiffness, jerky movements, tremors, unstable moods, pill-rolling of fingers

A

parkinson’s

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39
Q

sudden one-sided facial parylisi following a chronic history of infection with cold sores

A

bell’s palsy

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40
Q

which enzyme catalyses seratonin

A

monoamine oxidase

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41
Q

what is main function/effect of nitric oxide

A

vasodilation - used for angina, lowering BP and raising erections!

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42
Q

MS in associated with progressive demyelination of neurone T/F

A

T

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43
Q

MS affects the PNS T F

A

F

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44
Q

a suspected cause of MS may be viral infection TF

A

T

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45
Q

MS causes progressive paralysis TF

A

true

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46
Q

2 diff diagnosis instead of ms

A

slipped/herniated disc
Motor neurone disease
candiasis

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47
Q

function for trigeminal nerve

A

facial sensations

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48
Q

hypoglassal nerve function

A

speech

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49
Q

trochlear nerve function

A

proprioception

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50
Q

which cell/protein inhibits bacterial growth by binding to iron

A

transferrin

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51
Q

which cell/protein tag invading cells/pathogens for phagocytosis, attract macrophages, form membrane attack complex thereby initiating cytolysis

A

complement proteins

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52
Q

what is released by a cell that is infected by a virus, stopping replication in nearby other cells

A

interferon

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53
Q

2 benefits of inflammation

A

promotes phagocytosis/immune response
toxin dilution
fibrin formation - walls off area/binds wound endges

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54
Q

2 benefits of fever

A

makes interferon more effective
inhibits growth of some microbes
speeds reactions that aid repair

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55
Q

which 2 types of immune cells are involved at the beginning of cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

phagocytes/macrophages

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56
Q

what is the main cytokine/inflammatory mediator involved in cell-m,edited immunity

A

interleukin 2

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57
Q

what is name of process of differentiation and proliferation of the activated immune cells involves in cell mediated immunity

A

clonal selection

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58
Q

name 2 types of cells formed at the end of clonal slection

A

killer T cells
memory T cells
helper t cells
regulatory t cells

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59
Q

example of artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccination

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60
Q

ex of artificially acquired passive immunity

A

injection with antibodies - ed snake anti-venom

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61
Q

ex of naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibody transfer across placenta

62
Q

Graves disease auto immune?

A

yes

63
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis auto immune

A

yes

64
Q

osteoarthritis auto immune

A

no

65
Q

coeliac disease auto immune

A

yes

66
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus auto immune

A

yes

67
Q

client anaemic, persistent malaise, recurrent cyclical fever made up of chills, fever & extreme sweating.
also nausea, vomiting, joints ache. been on holiday. urine sample haemoglobinuria. what does she have

A

malaria

68
Q

what causes malaria

A

protozoal - plasmodium parasite carried by female anopheles mosquito

69
Q

why is malaria sufferer anaemic with haemoglobinuria

A

plasmodium parasite infects RBCs causing HAEMOLYSIS, releasing loads HAEMOGLOBIN into plasma -
this is filtered/excreted by kidneys into urine

70
Q

what causes chickenpox

A

virus

71
Q

what causes shingles

A

virus

72
Q

what causes measles

A

virus

73
Q

what causes TB

A

bacterial

74
Q

what causes impetigo

A

bacterial

75
Q

which immune cells are targeted by HIV

A

T helper cells & macrophages

76
Q

list 2 common opportunistic infections that occur in AIDS

A

candida albicans
pneumonia
cervical cancer
active TB

77
Q

2 reasons why difficult to develop HIV drugs

A

virus hides in host cells
virus has few structures of own
virus able to mutate

78
Q 
60 male has problems swallowing
pain behind sternum on eating
food being regurgitated with non-sour reflux - cough
anaemic, weight loss
no food allergies, no heartburn what?
A

oesophageal cancer

79
Q

1 risk factor for development of oesophageal cancer

A

smoking
alcohol consumption
history of chronic acid reflux?GORD

80
Q

what is medical term for ‘weight loiss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, wasting away”

A

cachexia

81
Q

4 early warning signs cancer

A 
unusual bleeding/discharge
anaemia
change in bladder/bowel habits
change in appearance wart/mole
sore doesn't heal
unexplained weight loss
persistent cough
solid lump
82
Q

why do leukaemia sufferers often present with shortness of breath/fatigue

A

overproduction of WBCs - so less RBCs, platelets
leads to anaemia - presents with SOB & fatigue as less oxygen from RBCs - sufferer will feel hypoxic = shortness of breath

83
Q

why do benign tumours rarely cause systemic symptoms or death

A

grow v slow

often encapsulated - so don’t metastasise

84
Q

which type of tissues do sarcomas develop in

A

connective tissues - bone, muscle, cartilage

85
Q

to view object at distance ciliary muscles contract/relax

A

relax

86
Q

object at distance lens rounds/flattens

A

flattens

87
Q

object at distance eyeballs converge/diverge

A

diverge

88
Q

inflammatory balance disorder, following upper respiratory tract infection
mild hearing loss/tinnitus
may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, head injury

A

Labyrinthitis

89
Q

most common cause of earache in children - build up of exudate puts pressure on ear and may eventually rupture it

A

Otitis Media (chronic)

90
Q

increased pressure within the eye
obstruction of canal of schlemm
intense eye pain, red watery eye, sensitivity to bright lights, nausea vomiting

A

glaucoma

91
Q

red swollen/painful infection of sebaceous glands of eyelid by staph

A

stye

92
Q

which taste are we most sensitive to

why important

A

bitter

most poisons are bitter

93
Q

what process enables sewage workers to work in a smelly environment all day without being bothered

A

Olfactory Adaptation

94
Q

urobilinogen urine yes no

A

yes

95
Q

uric acid urin y n

A

y

96
Q

sodium urine y n

A

y

97
Q

albumin urine y n

A

n

98
Q

oxalates urine y n

A

y

99
Q

ketones urine y n

A

n

100
Q

female client - frequent urination, pain on urination, pain lower abdomen, fever. urine dark, smelly, cloudt

A

(acute) cystitis

101
Q

urine dipstick test findings acute cystitis

A

trace blood
nitrates (bacteria)
WBCs

102
Q

2 causes for cystitis

A 
not emptying fully
bacteria pushed in - honeymoon cystitis
wiping back - front
urine flow obstruction
diabetes
catheter
infection
103
Q

2 advice to prevent recurrence

A 
lots of water - 2L+ a day
avoid alcohol, lots sugar
cranberry juice
probiotics
avoid tights, soaps
cotton underwear
104
Q

3 stages urine formation in kidneys

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular sectretion

105
Q

2 hormones produced by body to raise BP

A

Angiotensin 2
Aldosterone
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Andrenalin?Cortisol

106
Q

drug prescribed by GPs to lower BP

A

ACE inhibitors

Diuretics

107
Q

20 y o woman, no periods, acne, excess facial hair overweight

A

Polycystic Ovarian Sydrome

108
Q

2 blood tests to confirm PCOS

A 
high Androgens/testosterone/oestrogen
low progesterone
high LH:FSH ratio
high insulin
high blood glucose
109
Q

which hormone stimulates ovulation

A

luteinizing hormone

110
Q

what is wall of follicle that left behind after egg fertilised called

A

corpus luteum

111
Q

what is found/made by mothers body but cannot cross placenta

A

blood cells

112
Q

male secondary sex characteristics in female

A

Virilization

113
Q

lactation not pregnant

A

galactorrhoea

114
Q

pain on intercourse female

A

dyspareunia

115
Q

no sperm in ejaculate

A

Azoospermia

116
Q

lower abdo pain, gradual or sudden, severe ass fever, nausea, vomiting
pain increases with walking
purulent discharge, dysuria

A

PID

117
Q

1 nutrient supports/nourishes myelin sheath

A

phospolipids/omega oils/amino acids/B12

118
Q

purpose of blood brain barrier

A

protect brain from harmful substances in bloodstream by maintaining tightness of capillaries/junctions between cells

119
Q

why might alcohol affect mental cognition

A

alcohol lipid soluble

crosses blood brain barier

120
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter ass with voluntary movement, learning, memory

A

acetylcholine

121
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter helps regulate mood, sensory perception, temperature, appetite, sleep

A

serotonin

122
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter associated with addictive behaviours pleasurable experiences, regulates muscle TONE

A

dopamine

123
Q

inhibitory neurotransmittor - inhibits motor neurons/brain activity

A

GABA

124
Q

name 1 enzyme breaks down epinephrine

A

Monoamine Oxidase

Catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase

125
Q

what does CSF stand for

A

cerebrospinal fluid

126
Q

2 functions csf

A

supports protects brain/cord - shock absorber
maintains uniform pressure around brain
keeps brain/cord moist
circulates nutrients/waste

127
Q

absences seen in children due to abnormal electrical activity in brain

A

epilepsy - petit mal seizure

128
Q

3 causes of inter cranial pressure

A 
haemorrhage
tumour
trauma
infection/abscess
inflammation of brain/meninges
129
Q

2 complications increased cranial pressure

A

brain damage
death
seizures

130
Q

2 harmful effects inflammation

A

swelling - confined space - pressure on nerves/icp!
pain
suppuration/pus formation
atherosclerosis

131
Q

define systemic lupus erythematous

A

chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease can affect ANY part of the body

132
Q

cell-mediated immunity requires antigen presentation to T cells T F

A

T

133
Q

b lymphocytes are involved in antibody mediated immunity T F

A

T

134
Q

helper T cells are involved in antibody-related immunity T F

A

t

135
Q

the main cytokine/inflammatory mediator involved in adaptive immunity is transferrin t f

A

f

136
Q

starts with fever & koplik spots on oral mucosa, followed by maculopapular skin rash

A

measles

137
Q

v contagious skin infection, common in infants, presents with pustules, round oozing patches, clear blisters, golden yellow crusts. Grow larger daily

A

impetigo

138
Q

why does TB primarily affect respiratory system

A

the mycobacterium Tb is highly AEROBIC, thus requiring high oxygen evils for growth

139
Q

medical term for spread of cancer to other part of body

A

metastasis

140
Q

what is term for medical care for easing of symptoms not recovery

A

palliative care

141
Q

4 danger signs skin cancer

A 
asymmetry
border irregular
colour varied
itching
bleeding
larger than 6mm diameter
142
Q

what is a tumour marker

A

proteins, enzymes, hormones produced by some malignant cells

143
Q

which type of tissues do carcinomas develop in

A

epithelial tissue

144
Q

to view up close ciliary muscles

A

contract

145
Q

to view close lens becomes

A

more rounded

146
Q

to view close the eyeballs

A

converge

147
Q

opacity of the lens ass with old age

A

cataract

148
Q

one structure in ear involved in balance

A

vestibular apparatus

149
Q

what is white noise

A

sound which contains all frequencies of sound
analogous to white light
brain ignores it

150
Q

what white noise used for

A

to mask other sounds - privacy enhancers, sleep aids

Exam 2 cramming (9 decks)

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