Jodie test 1 Flashcards
Which stage of urine formation allows for drug testing
tubular secretion
explain how/why damage to glomerular capillaries present as oedema
damaged glomerular capillaries cause albumin to leak through
- changes oncotic pressure in blood - becomes hypotonic
-water then moves via osmosis into extra-cellular spaces
causes oedema
state 5 hormones that regulate tubular re-absorption & secretion
angiotensin II Aldosterone ADH Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Parathyroid hormone
explain how ACE inhibitors are used to control blood pressure
they block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
thus reducing blood pressure by
reducing vaso constriction & reducing production of
ADH & Aldosterone
How do diuretics work?
they block aborption of sodium, thus blocking the reabsorption of water, which reduces blood volume & reducing blood pressure
what are complications of chronic diuretic use
disrupted electrolyte balance
when is secondary amenorrhea diagnosed?
lack of menstruation for more than 3 months
give causes of secondary amenorrhea
sudden weight loss pcos pregnancy! hypothyroidism anaemia high stress
give 6 blood test findings you would expect with someone who suffers from PCOS
raised DHEA/DHEA-s Low SHBG High LH:FSH ratio raised oestradiol raised prolactin raised insulin hyperlipidaemia
list 4 characteristic s/sx of multiple sclerosis
blurred vision
numbness
burning & tingling
progressive paralysis
precursor for dopamine
tyrosine
primary action dopamine
inhibitory/excitatory
removal dopamine
MAO & COMT
ass disorders dopamine
parkinsons
what is function of catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
4 s/sx meningitis + 2 assessments you could do in clinic
severe headache photophobia stiff neck vomiting KERNIG's sign BRUDZINSKI's sign
difference between petit map and grand map seizures
petit - absence seizures with no lingering confusion
grand - tonic-clonic seizure with lingering confusion - recovery time varies
what are characteristic sx of phenylketonuria
v fair hair
eczema
mousy odour or urine/skin
progressive cognitive impairment
list 5 types of inflammatory mediators
histamine leukotrienes kinins prostaglandins complement system
3 benefits of fever
promotion of phagocytosis
toxin dilution
fibrin formation
describe development of allergic response
why secondary exposure to allergenic substance is much worse than initial exposure
INITIAL exposure causes sensitisation - slow as not many cells have correct specificity to respond to the allergen(antigen) as they aren’t activated - this can take several days.
SECONDARY exposure is exaggerated immune response. The full immune response has been developed and antibodies are readily available.
list for s/sx of SLE
photosensitivity butterfly rash polyarthalgie raynauds vasculitis purpura
list 3 factors that make viruses difficult to control
hide in a host
don’t have a metabolism
don’t have many structures
able to mutate
define cachexia
loss of weight due to involuntary muscle atrophy
list local & systemic affects of tumours 7
pain obstruction ulceration cachexia anaemia infection para-neoplastic syndromes
3 unavoidable risk factors for cancer
genetic
exposure to carcinogens
certain viruses
4 avoidable risk factors cancer
smoking
stress
heavy drinking
food additives
4 danger signs skin cancer
change in - shape
colour
size
elevation
3 cell types that make up olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptors
supporting cells
basal cells
