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Exam 2 cramming > Jodie test 1 > Flashcards

Jodie test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which stage of urine formation allows for drug testing

A

tubular secretion

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2
Q

explain how/why damage to glomerular capillaries present as oedema

A

damaged glomerular capillaries cause albumin to leak through
- changes oncotic pressure in blood - becomes hypotonic
-water then moves via osmosis into extra-cellular spaces
causes oedema

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3
Q

state 5 hormones that regulate tubular re-absorption & secretion

A 
angiotensin II
Aldosterone
ADH
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Parathyroid hormone
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4
Q

explain how ACE inhibitors are used to control blood pressure

A

they block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
thus reducing blood pressure by
reducing vaso constriction & reducing production of
ADH & Aldosterone

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5
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

they block aborption of sodium, thus blocking the reabsorption of water, which reduces blood volume & reducing blood pressure

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6
Q

what are complications of chronic diuretic use

A

disrupted electrolyte balance

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7
Q

when is secondary amenorrhea diagnosed?

A

lack of menstruation for more than 3 months

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8
Q

give causes of secondary amenorrhea

A 
sudden weight loss
pcos
pregnancy!
hypothyroidism
anaemia
high stress
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9
Q

give 6 blood test findings you would expect with someone who suffers from PCOS

A 
raised DHEA/DHEA-s
Low SHBG
High LH:FSH ratio
raised oestradiol
raised prolactin
raised insulin
hyperlipidaemia
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10
Q

list 4 characteristic s/sx of multiple sclerosis

A

blurred vision
numbness
burning & tingling
progressive paralysis

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11
Q

precursor for dopamine

A

tyrosine

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12
Q

primary action dopamine

A

inhibitory/excitatory

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13
Q

removal dopamine

A

MAO & COMT

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14
Q

ass disorders dopamine

A

parkinsons

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15
Q

what is function of catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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16
Q

4 s/sx meningitis + 2 assessments you could do in clinic

A 
severe headache
photophobia
stiff neck
vomiting
KERNIG's sign
BRUDZINSKI's sign
17
Q

difference between petit map and grand map seizures

A

petit - absence seizures with no lingering confusion

grand - tonic-clonic seizure with lingering confusion - recovery time varies

18
Q

what are characteristic sx of phenylketonuria

A

v fair hair
eczema
mousy odour or urine/skin
progressive cognitive impairment

19
Q

list 5 types of inflammatory mediators

A 
histamine
leukotrienes
kinins
prostaglandins
complement system
20
Q

3 benefits of fever

A

promotion of phagocytosis
toxin dilution
fibrin formation

21
Q

describe development of allergic response

why secondary exposure to allergenic substance is much worse than initial exposure

A

INITIAL exposure causes sensitisation - slow as not many cells have correct specificity to respond to the allergen(antigen) as they aren’t activated - this can take several days.
SECONDARY exposure is exaggerated immune response. The full immune response has been developed and antibodies are readily available.

22
Q

list for s/sx of SLE

A 
photosensitivity
butterfly rash
polyarthalgie
raynauds
vasculitis
purpura
23
Q

list 3 factors that make viruses difficult to control

A

hide in a host
don’t have a metabolism
don’t have many structures
able to mutate

24
Q

define cachexia

A

loss of weight due to involuntary muscle atrophy

25
Q

list local & systemic affects of tumours 7

A 
pain
obstruction
ulceration
cachexia
anaemia
infection
para-neoplastic syndromes
26
Q

3 unavoidable risk factors for cancer

A

genetic
exposure to carcinogens
certain viruses

27
Q

4 avoidable risk factors cancer

A

smoking
stress
heavy drinking
food additives

28
Q

4 danger signs skin cancer

A

change in - shape
colour
size
elevation

29
Q

3 cell types that make up olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptors
supporting cells
basal cells

Exam 2 cramming (9 decks)

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