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Exam 2 cramming > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

parasympathetic NS on digestion

A

stimulates peristalsis/secretion of digestive enzymes

stimulates saliva

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2
Q

sympathetic/parasympathetic effect on liver

A

para stimulates release of bile

sympathetic conversion of glycogen to glucose

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3
Q

sympathetic/parasymapthetic on bladder

A

parasy - contracts bladder

S inhibits bladder contractiom

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4
Q

para/symapthetic on bronchi

A

para constricts bronchi

S - dilates bronchi

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5
Q

heart beat - para/s

A

para slows heartbeat

S accelerates heartbeat

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6
Q

para/symapthetic pupil

A

para contracts pupil

S dilates pupil

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7
Q

Action potentials - what can open/close due to stimuli, changing the potential & creating an electrical current

A

SPECIFIC ION CHANNELS

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8
Q

what is the ELECTRICAL DIFFERENCE across the membrane of the cell known as?

A

the RESTING POTENTIAL

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9
Q

what is the resting potential

A

electrical difference across the membrane of the cell

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10
Q

what type of channels are ion channels

A

transport channels

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11
Q

what are ion channels created by and where are they

A

created by trans-membrane proteins within the neuronal membranes

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12
Q

what happens when ion channels open

A

they allow specific ions to move through the membrane across an electrochemical concentration gradient

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13
Q

channels open in response to a _ which changes the permeability of the neurone membrane to Na+ & K

A

stimulus

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14
Q

Na+

A

sodium

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15
Q

K+

A

ptassium

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16
Q

4 categories of stimulus causing ion channels to open

A 
1 voltage
2 chemicals (hormones/transmitters)
3 mechanical pressure
4 light (photoreceptors of the eye)
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17
Q

what do neurone at rest possess

A

an electrical difference/gradient across the cell membrane

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18
Q

what is the electrical difference/gradient across the cell membrane created by

A

a build up of negative ions on the inside of the cell membrane and positive ions on the other side of the cell membrane in the extra cellular fluid

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19
Q

in resting potential the separation of the positive and negative charges creates

A

potential energy

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20
Q

the potential energy of resting potential is approx

A

-70mV

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21
Q

cells exhibiting a membrane potential are said to be -

A

polarised (meaning charged)

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22
Q

resting potential extracellular fluid positive or negative

A

positive (women sign)

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23
Q

which 2 minerals is extracellular fluid rich in

A

Na+ & Cl-

Natalie & Clare!

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24
Q

resting potential intracellular fluid positive or negative

A

negative - man sign

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25
Q

resting potential intracellular fluid rich in

A

K+ Kevin & large negative ions that can’t leave cell

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26
Q

What tries to move back to equalise the charge

A

Na+ Cl-

Natalie & Claire - women always peacekeepers

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27
Q

the separation of the charges (polarity) of the resting potential is maintained by the

A

sodium-potassium pump

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28
Q

this separation of charges creates a potential energy of

A

-70mV

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29
Q

the formation of a nerve impulse/signal/excitation is

A

An action potential

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30
Q

an action potential is a series of events which

A

decrease and reverse the membrane potential, then restore it to its resting state

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31
Q

2 phases of action potential

A

1 depolarisation

2 repolarisation

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32
Q

the negative membrane potential (-70mV) becomes less negative, reaches zero, then becomes postitive

A

depolarisation

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33
Q

the membrane is then restored to its resting potential of -70mV

A

repolarisation

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34
Q

descrive depolarisation

A

the negative membrane potential (-70mv) becomes less negative, reaches zero, then becomes positive

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35
Q

describe repolarisation

A

the membrane is then restored to its resting potential of -70mV

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36
Q

in an action potential the only stage where the negative charge is outside and the positive charge in insides is

A

depolarisation

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37
Q

depolarisation is triggeerd by

A

stimulation of a nerve ending

38
Q

depolarisation must reach a what in order to generate an action potential

A

threshold value

39
Q

what physically happens in depolarisation

A

Na+ channels open allowing Na+ to flood into the cell

positive charge builds inside cell

40
Q

what physically happens in repolarisation

A

K+ channels open much more slowly than Na+ channels so that as Na+ ones open, K+ open
allows K+ flood out of cell, restoring membrane potential to -70mV

41
Q

period of time after depolarisation in which a nerve cannot generate another action potential because Na+ and K+ are on wring sides of the membrane

A

refractory period

42
Q

actopn potential - what levels of Na+/K+ are maintained by sodium/potassium pumps

A

low level Na+

fixed level K+

43
Q

action potential 2 - what opens and ovverideas Na/K pumps

A

sodium gates

44
Q

depolaristaion/an action potential is achieved if what floods fast enough

A

Na+

45
Q

what opens just as Na+ gates close

A

K+ gates

46
Q

what slows/increases during repolaristaion

A

Na+ inflow slows

K+ outflow increases

47
Q

what happens during the refractory period which resets the resting potential

A

Na/K pumps pump out the Na+

48
Q

amino acids, peptides, monoamines are all types of

A

neurotransmitters

49
Q

acetylcholine primary action

A

excitatory (inhibitory in vagus nerve)

50
Q

neuro transmitter muscular contractions/cognition

A

acetylcholine

51
Q

removal acetylcholine

A

degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

52
Q

most common neurotransmitter in the brain - excitatory

amino acid

A

Glutamate/aspartate

53
Q

removal glutamate

A

reuptake

54
Q

glutamate/aspartate CNS/PNS

A

cns

55
Q

most common inhibitory neurotransmittor

A

Gamma-aminobutyris acid - GABA

56
Q

location GABA

A

CNS

57
Q

adrenalin produced by

A

tyrosine

58
Q

location adrenalin

A

sympathetic NS

59
Q

removal GABA

A

reuptake

60
Q

removal adrenalin

A

reuptake/degradation by mao or comt

61
Q

MAO long word

A

monoamine oxidase

62
Q

COMT long word

A

catechol-oxygen-methyl transferase

63
Q

exitatory/inhibatory NT in brain

regulates muscle tone, coordination/movement

A

dopamine

64
Q

dopamine removal

A

reuptake/ mao/comt

65
Q

seratonin produced by

A

tryptophan

66
Q

what located in brain stem, digestive tract, platelets & pineal

A

seratonin

67
Q

removal seratonin

A

reuptake or mao

68
Q

Mao breaksdown which

A

seratonin
adrenaline
nor
dopimine

69
Q

comt breaks down what

A

adrenalin
nor
dopamine

70
Q

nitric oxide formed from

A

arginine

71
Q

widespread, autoimmune disorder causing acute inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves
usually triggered 1-3 weeks after respiratory tract infection

A

Neuritis

guillain-barre syndrome

72
Q 
sudden 
acute
progressive
bilateral
ascending paralysis
A

neuritis

73
Q

cause neuritis

A

autoimmune

74
Q

allopathic treatment neuritis

A

emergency - respirator, intensive care

75
Q

complication neuritis

A

death - heart/respiratory failure

76
Q

s/sx neuritis

A 
sudden 
acute
progressive
bilateral
ascending paralysis
77
Q

what is ICP

A

cerebral oedema/inflammation

78
Q

causes ICP

A 
haemorrhage, hypoxia, 
infections
abscesses
tumours
traumas/injury
79
Q

s/s ICP

A

impaired eye movement
impaired motor function
change in speech
progressively losing consciousness

80
Q

complication of icp

A

permanent neurological problems
seizures
death

81
Q

treatment icp

A

critical condition intensive care

82
Q

infection/inflammation of the membranes covering spinal cord

A

meningitis

83
Q

causes meningitis

A

bacterial or viral infection

viral less severe

84
Q

s/s meningitis

A

petechiae - non-blanching
photophobia
stiff neck

85
Q

2 signs meningitis (names)

A

kernig’s

brudzinski

86
Q

diagnosis meningitis

A

lumbar puncture

87
Q

treatment meningitis

A

treat as medical emergency

antibiotics/antivirals

88
Q

complications meningitis

A

brain/nerve damage

89
Q

‘waiters tip’ caused by forceful pulling away of head from shoulder at childbirth

A

erb’s palsy

90
Q

claw hand by ulnar nerve damage

A

klumpke’s palsy

Exam 2 cramming (9 decks)

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