Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS192 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

how much of our body weight is water both female and male

A 
male = 60%
females = 55%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much of our TBW is intracellular and extracellular?

A

extra - 1/3

intra - 2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the urinary system maintain balance of the body?

A

by filtering blood and expelling water, salts, waste, drugs and toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what part of metabolism is let out as waste?

A

urea and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how much blood flows through the kidneys per min?

A

1200ml

and the urine we make is 800- 2000ml per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is urine?

A

Waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the pH of urine?

A

4.6-8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do we not want in urine?

A

large proteins. blood cells. glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the urine system need to do to be effective?

A

delivery system for blood

selective filtration system

to be able to recover things that have been filtered

return fluid back to the body

protection and storage

to coms with other parts of the body

adaptable to meet bodies needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the major organs of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can the kidneys do?

A

allows blood to be close with the nephrons for filtering
blood leaving has been filtered
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

under 11th and 12th ribs

T12 vertebra and L3 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what surrounds the cortex of a kidney?

A

FCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does the urine get made?

A

nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the structures that provide external protection for the kidneys?

A

11th and 12th rib
renal fat pad
fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where in the kidney does filtration occur

A

in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do veins do in the kidneys?

A

return filtered blood from the cortex to renal vein then to the inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the afferent arteriole?

A

delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the peritubular capillaires carry blood to the?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the order of blood flow through the kidneys?

A 
into the cortex
abdominal aorta
renal artery
series of arteries
afferent arteriole
glomerular capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
which of the following structures don't pass through the hilum in the kidney?
1- renal vein
2- urethra
3- lymphatics
4- renal nerves
5- renal artery
A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

functions of the nephron?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what makes up the walls of the glomerular capillaries?

A

fenstrated endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what wraps around the renal tubules?

A

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do the peritubular capillaries do?

A

receives reabsorbed filtrate from the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

extensions that follow the nephron loop deep into the medulla but only found in jux nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

where the capillary and the nephron meet

and the site of filtration barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is bowman’s capsule?

A

First part of nephron where filtrate is collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

parietal layer of simple squamous cells

and visceral layer of podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the capsular space?

A

Space in-between the Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus which receives the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are podocytes?

A

cells in the Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

these have filtration slits between to filter blood to the capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule

A

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

microvilli

highly folded basolateral membrane

many mitochondria

leaky epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the anatomical structure of Distal convoluted tubule?

A

NO BRUSH BORDER
few mito
influenced by aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what cells make up the collecting duct

A

cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are principle cells?

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are intercalated cells?

A

acid/base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what causes reabsorption in the collecting duct?

A

ADH and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

Specialised zone in every nephron

controlling glomerular filtration rate and stabilises blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what two cells are in the juxtaglomerular?

A 
macula densa cells (DCT)
juxtaglomerular cells (afferent arteriole)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q 
what cells form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule called?
1- pedicels
2- podocytes
3- mesangial cells
4- filtration slits
5- macula densa
A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q 
the cells of the JGA on the afferent arteriole are called?
1- juxtaglomerullary
2- macula densa
3- mesangial cells
4- juxtaglomerular
5- podocytes
A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what two epithelial cells would you find in the nephron loop?

A

cuboidal and simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is transitional epithelium?

A

Stratified - rounded cells
Flattened when stretched
For protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the three layers of the ureters?

A

transitional epithelium
muscularis (inner long and outer circle)
adventitia (FCT)
folded protein plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where are the long and smoith muscle in this layer?

A

long is on the inside and it is circular on the outside

the Gi tract is the opposite way round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

why is the ureter running obliquely through the bladder wall ?

A

to act as a sphincter as when the bladder increases it blocks the pipe due to it being full of urine and to prevent back flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how much can the bladder expand?

A

500ml
and goes above the pubic symphysis
more spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

why do we get bladder infections?

A

when the water gets pooled in the trigone and isnt released out when peeing

50
Q

Where is the male bladder located?

A

The male bladder is located above the prostate gland in front of the rectum.

51
Q

where is the female bladder located?

A

anterior to vagina and uterus

in front

52
Q

what are the layers of the bladder wall?

A

mucosa (transitional ep) , submucosa, detrusor (thick smooth muscle), visceral peritoneum

53
Q

what three structures protect the urinary tract?

A
  • transitional epithelium
  • protein plaques
  • entrance to bladder prevents back flow
54
Q

what is the name of the muscles that form the wall of the bladder? And what is its function?

A

detrusor muscle

expels urine

55
Q

what are the epithelial changes in the uretha

A

transitional near the bladder
columnar
stratified squamous

56
Q

what are the 3 sections in a male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile

57
Q

job of the internal urethra sphincter?

A

detrusor muscle
involuntary control
this opens when the bladder contracts

58
Q

what statement is incorrect about the bladder?
1- detrusor muscle forms the bladder wall
2- lined with transitional epithelium
3- collapsible sac which stores urine
4- the trigone is a triangular area between the openings of the ureter and the urethras
5- when emptying, the bladder collapses along folds called rugae

A

4

59
Q

what three places in the urinary tract would you find transitional epithelium?

A

ureters, urinary bladder, initial part of the urethra

60
Q

what is normal urine made out of?

A 
water
creatinine
urea
h, nh3
na k
drugs
toxins
61
Q

what would you see in unhealthy urine?

A 
glucose
protein
haemogolbin
leuocytes
bacteria
blood
62
Q

what is the effect of the diet on ph?

A

vegetarians have a 7.2

meat-eaters have a 4.8

63
Q 
normal urine?
1- amino acids
2- 20 L per day
3- does not contain H ions
4- contains Na and K
5- tastes sweet
A

3

64
Q

what are the general functions of the kidney?

A 
hormone production
filters blood
metabolism
ph regulation
reabsob nutrients
excretion of drugs and toxins
salt and ion homeostasis
water homeostasis
65
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

hormone that stimulates RBC production

when low O2 levels are detached by kidney it release EPO to stimulate more RBC creation

66
Q

chronic renal failure (CRF)

A

anaemia (low level of rbc therefore low o2 levels)

67
Q

what is salt ion homeostasis good for?

A
  • action potentials
  • rhythm generation in pace maker cells
  • contractions
  • signalling
68
Q

what is excreted by the kidneys after metabolism in the liver?

A

lidocaine

69
Q

what is secreted directly by the kidneys?

A

aspirin

70
Q

what controls bicarbonate concentration in the blood?

A

by the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and the kidneys by reabsorbing it or the secretion of H ions

71
Q 
which of the following is not a function of the kidney?
1- gluconeogenesis
2- secretion of glucose
3- filtration of blood
4- K reabsorption
5- drug secretion
A

2

72
Q

where is glucose only reabsobed?

A

proximal tubule

73
Q 
Does the renal proximal tubule facilitate?
1- fine tunning
2- secretion of k
3- reabsorption of drugs
5- filtration of blood
6- secretion of drugs and metabolites
A

6

74
Q

salt and water control what?

A

blood pressure

75
Q

what kind of filtration is in the nephron?

A

ultrafiltration

76
Q

how fast is filtration?

A

125ml/min (180L/day)

77
Q

how much urine do we produce in a day?

A

1.5L

78
Q

What defines renal filtration?

A

renal blood flow, filtration barrier, driving forces

79
Q

when does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

A

when glomerular pressure in the blood decreases

80
Q

where is the primary urine is made?

A

capsular space

81
Q

how much blood do the kidneys get from the cardiac output?

A

25%

82
Q

what determines filtration?

A
  • pressure gradients between glomerular capillary and capsular space
  • permeability of glomerular capillary
  • surface area
83
Q

what are the 2 driving forces for glomerular filtration(capillary exchange)?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

84
Q

What are 2 opposing forces in capillary exchange (glomerular filtration) ?

A

1) capillary hydrostatic pressure(CHP)

2) blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

85
Q

filtration of the kidney…
1- dependant on osmotic force in the capsular space
2- results in high protein load of the primary urine
3- results in an isotonic primary filtrate
4- results in an absence of glucose in the primary urine
5- is independent of serum albumin

A

3

86
Q

renal clearance equation

A

Cx = UsV/Ps

us - concentration of s in urine (s = substance)

v- volume of urine produced per unit time

ps= concentration of s in plasma

87
Q

what does the clearance equation tell us?

A

the rate at which the substance S is cleared by the kidneys per unit time

88
Q

what does s stand for?

A

all substances we can detect in the plasma

89
Q

what does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

A

amount of fluid filtered per unit time

90
Q

what must the substance have to measure GFR?

A

not to be reabsorbed from tubule
not be secreted into tubule
not metabolised

91
Q

what substances can you use to measure GFR?

A

inulin and creatine

92
Q

what is inulin?

A

Polysaccharide that is not absorbed by the renal system and is ejected in the urine

93
Q

what is creatine?

A

waste product of muscle metabolism

already in the body

94
Q

why can we use creatinine for measuring GFR?

A

its freely filtered at the glomerulus and not reabsorbed, secreted or metabolised

95
Q

how much blood actually gets filtered?

A

125ml and the rest flows through the efferent arteriole

96
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

A

GFR/RPF

97
Q

filtered load?

A

Amount of a particular substance filtered per minute

98
Q

filtration load equation?

A

GFR* solute plasma conc

99
Q

the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is defined?
1- amount of substance filtered per time
2- volume of urine produced per day
3- amount of water both kidneys reabsorb per day
4- volume of plasma filtered per time
5- amount of sodium filtered per time

A

4

100
Q

what is the main driving pressure?

A

blood pressure

101
Q

osmotic pressure is the main opposing force

A

facts

102
Q

what does clearance measure?

A

can measure the plasma

103
Q

water reabsorption is based on what

A

Na

104
Q

how much is plasma filtered?

A

60 times over

105
Q

what is osmolarity based on?

A

Number of osmotically active ions or solutes
e.g. 145mM NaCl has an osmolarity of 290mosmol/L

Can be estimated by specific gravity (density of solutions)

106
Q

the ECF ?
1- has a normally higher osmolarity compared to the ICF
2- Shows a sodium concentration of the 145mM
3- has normally a higher tonicity than the cells
4- stores 2/3 of the total body water (TBW)
5- is mostly affected by sweating

A

2

107
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

67%

108
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the TAL?

A

25%

109
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the DCT?

A

5%

110
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the CD?

A

3%

111
Q

what is used to reabsorb glucose?

A

sodium glucose co-transporter

112
Q 
water reabsorption in the kidneys is
1- mainly facilitated by the TAL
2- facilitated by potassium reabsorption
3- independent of sodium reabsorption
4- facilitated by glucose reabsorption
5- facilitated by sodium secretion
A

4

113
Q

what makes up the obligatory water reabsorption ?

A

first half of the loop

92%of the total water reabsorption

114
Q

what makes up the facultative water reabsorption?

A

the right side of the nephron

115
Q

a change in the water content causes ??

A

a change in osmolarity

116
Q

what does total body weight alter?

A

plasma osmolarity

this gets detected by the brain and then sends a hormone ADH so water balance can change in the collecting duct

117
Q

what does ADH do ?

A

Facilitates reabsorption of water in the nephron of the kidney by producing aquaporins in the surface of the plasma membranes

118
Q

anti diuresis

A

has ADH

119
Q

diuresis

A

has no ADH

120
Q 
the urine osmolarity is
1- high without ADH
2- independant of plasma osmolarity
3- controlled by the pituitary gland
4- independent of ADH
5- high in diuresis
A

3

121
Q

what do the densa cells sense?

A

changes in sodium reaching the DCT and when it is too low it leads to a release of renin from the jux

HUBS192 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions