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HUBS192 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

location of mechanical digestion

A

stomach; mainly in the antrum

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2
Q

location of chemical digestion

A

mainly small intestine

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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the physical breakdown of food material

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4
Q

chemical digestion

A

digestion involving enzymes that work at the surface of the food particles to break food down into into simplest elements

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5
Q

motility

A

the movement and manipulation of food using smooth muscle along the GI tract

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6
Q

function of receptors in walls of GI tract

A

stretch receptors - respond to the stretch that occurs in the lumen when food enters it
receptors in the lumen - notice chemical changes to contents of the lumen

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7
Q

effectors of the GI tract

A

smooth muscles cause contractions for motility and glands secrete substances; caused by reflexes

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8
Q

function of CNS in GI tract

A

can send neural signal across a long distance; activates the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems; modulates activity of ENS

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9
Q

function of parasympathetic system in GI system

A

stimulates motility and secretion

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10
Q

function of sympathetic system in GI system

A

inhibits motility and secretion

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11
Q

enteric nervous system

A

ENS; involved in peristalsis and segmentation; main regulator of GI system

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12
Q

submucosal plexus of ENS

A

regulates secretion

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13
Q

myenteric plexus of ENS

A

regulates motility

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14
Q

paracrine hormones

A

localised hormones that have a function in the GI tract itself

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15
Q

functions of motility

A

movement at a controlled rate, mechanical digestion, mixing, exposing absorptive surfaces

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16
Q

motility patterns

A

patterns of movement that can be recorded easily and usually stick to a similar pattern

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17
Q

fasting

A

period of time when we are not eating; continues for 4 hours after a meal; housekeeping of the intestines to clean it out when not eating

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18
Q

feeding

A

period of time when food is entering the GI tract; propulsion happens in the intestines, stomach, esophagus, retropulsion in the stomach and segmentation in the intestines; food stored in stomach and colon

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19
Q

during feeding, where does propulsion occur?

A

esophagus, stomach, intestines

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20
Q

retropulsion

A

mixing motility pattern that occurs in the stomach during feeding

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21
Q

peristalsis

A

the movement of food through the GI tract via smooth muscle contractions behind the food particle

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22
Q

segmentation

A

motility pattern where smooth muscle contractions cause different substances are mixed up to increase surface area and make absorption more efficient in the intestines

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23
Q

functions of chewing

A

reduces size of food, allows for taste

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24
Q

where in the stomach is food generally stored?

A

in the fundus and the body

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25
Q

smooth muscle that regulates delivery of food from the antrum of the stomach to duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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26
Q

stomach relaxation is controlled by the nervous system through the what system?

A

parasympathetic and vagus nerve

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27
Q

propulsion

A

contractions that happen to push food down GI tract

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28
Q

is there more intense contraction activity in the stomach within 60 minutes of a meal, or after that time?

A

the more intense activity in the stomach is 60-300 minutes after a meal

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29
Q

gastric emptying

A

the emptying of the contents of the stomach into the duodenum; regulated by pyloric sphincter

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30
Q

kinds of cells in the duodenum that detect if foods are too fatty and what this leads to?

A

endocrine cells; leads to the reduction of activity in the stomach, the intragastinal reflex activated in the ENS, reduces parasympathetic input to decrease stomach motility

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31
Q

small intestine function

A

to mix the secretions and food from all places, and to carry the food for absorbtion

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32
Q

large intestine function

A

to store poo; no segmentation; some absorption from recovering fluids and salts; moves about twice a day to initiate defecation

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33
Q

fluid in plasma each day

A

3L

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34
Q

amount of fluid we secrete each day

A

8L

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35
Q

three salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

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36
Q

components of saliva

A

mucus, diluting solution, digestive enzymes: lipase and a-amylase

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37
Q

function of a-amylase

A

break down of starch

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38
Q

function of mucus

A

protection, lubrication and aids in mechanical digestion

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39
Q

xerostomia

A

a dry mouth from reduced or absent saliva leading to black teeth

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40
Q

gastric secretion includes

A

mucus, HCl (parietal cells) and pepsinogen –> pepsin (chief cells)

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41
Q

intrinsic factor in stomach function

A

break down of vitamin B and absorption

42
Q

gastric acid functions

A

dilutes food, denatures proteins, low pH, protection

43
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete acid into stomach lumen to aid chief cells.

44
Q

cephalic phase

A

premeditating eating; via para sympathetic nervous system when stimulates the release of parietal cells and chief cells

45
Q

oesophageal hiatus

A

hole in the diaphragm that the oesophagus passes through to reach the stomach

46
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

the sphincter at the top of the stomach that prevents reflux from the stomach back up into the esophagus

47
Q

parts of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

48
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects the stomach to the liver

49
Q

greater omentum

A

hangs like an apron connecting the stomach to the transverse colon and protects the peritoneum with adipose tissue

50
Q

pyloric sphincter (PS)

A

sphincter in the pylorus of the stomach that regulates the passing of chyme into the duodenum of the SI and prevents reflux

51
Q

fibres in the muscularis layer of the stomach and location in the stomach

A

longitudinal, circular and oblique; allows for many contractions for mechanical digestion; located in the body of the stomach

52
Q

rugae in the stomach

A

temporary folds that flatten out when the stomach is full and fold when it is empty; have a submucosa core and mucosa layer containing gastric glands

53
Q

gastric glands

A

glands in the stomach; goblet cells at the top producing mucus, G cells, parietal cells and chief cells in lower levels

54
Q

G cells

A

produce gastrin and other endocrine hormones like ghrelin

55
Q

chief cells

A

produce digestive enzymes in the stomach including pepsinogen which eventually breaks down proteins (pepsin)

56
Q

parietal cells

A

in the stomach, produce acid for chemical digestion in the stomach

57
Q

ghrelin

A

‘hunger hormone’ released by G cells

58
Q

location of pancreas

A

posterior to stomach, next to SI, retroperitoneal

59
Q

hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

junction where bile duct from liver joins with the pancreatic duct to flow into the duodenum

60
Q

hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

the sphincter regulating the release of things from the pancreatic duct into the duodenum

61
Q

acinar cells

A

secrete digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid into the pancreas lumen

62
Q

duct cells

A

secrete bicarbonate in the lumen of the pancreas

63
Q

structure of acinar cells is similar to _____ cells in the stomach and ______ cells in the mouth

A

chief; salivary

64
Q

epithelium in mouth/oral cavity and function

A

simple squamous; protection from abrasion

65
Q

epithelium in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

A

simple columnar; secretion and absorption

66
Q

epithelium in the anal canal

A

stratified squamous for protection

67
Q

example of an unicellular gland

A

goblet cells

68
Q

locations in GI tract for simple multicellular glands

A

stomach and small intestine

69
Q

locations in GI tract for compound multicellular glands

A

salivary glands

70
Q

four layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

71
Q

components of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propia (FCT) and muscularis mucosae

72
Q

components of the submucosa

A

glands, blood vessels and nerves to regulate secretions (ENS system)

73
Q

components of the muscularlis layer

A

inner circular smooth muscle fibres and outer longitudinal fibres and the myenteric plexus that lies in between muscle layers and regulates motility

74
Q

myenteric plexus

A

in between the muscle layers in the muscularis layer, part of the ENS system and regulates motility

75
Q

components of the adventitia

A

helps maintain structure of the tube and adheres the tube to surrounding structures; FCT

76
Q

mesentery

A

a double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects the organ to the body wall

77
Q

omenta

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum that connects an organ to another organ

78
Q

fauces

A

holes at the back of the mouth where food passes through

79
Q

epiglottis

A

ensures the food enters the oesophagus, not the trachea

80
Q

features of esophagus

A

highly folded submucosa and mucosa; has skeletal muscle

81
Q

villi

A

folds of the mucosa that increase SA, found in the SI and sits on plicae circulares

82
Q

pilae circulares

A

folds in the submucosa

83
Q

microvilli

A

sit on top of villi to increase the SA even more and make a brush border; covered with glycocalyx

84
Q

glycocalyx

A

glycoproteins at the end of the microvilli brush border and allows for contact digestion

85
Q

stem cells

A

make cells in the SI

86
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete antibacterial lysosomes to prevent bacteria from colonising our guts

87
Q

parts of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon and rectum

88
Q

parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

89
Q

ileocecal valve

A

between the small and large intestine and regulates the passage of substances through to the cecum

90
Q

appendix

A

extension out of the large intestine, the cecum; holds

91
Q

teniae coli

A

bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that line the colon

92
Q

haustra

A

series of pouches in the wall of the colon that helps move the fecal matter

93
Q

omental appendices

A

sacs of fat around the colon

94
Q

teniae coli

A

bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that surround the large intestine for defection

95
Q

glands in the large intestine

A

intestinal glands

96
Q

liver location

A

superior right quadrant of abdominopelvic cavity

97
Q

main function of liver

A

to produce bile

98
Q

blood supply to liver

A

from hepatic artery and is processed by hepatocytes which produce bile

99
Q

hepatocytes

A

produce bile in the liver, arranged into lobules

100
Q

portal triad

A

made up of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and the bile duct

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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