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HUBS192 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are the regions of the pelvis

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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2
Q

what is the difference between the female and male pelvis?

A

female pelvic inlet is oval shaped, male pelvic inlet is heart

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3
Q

perineum

A

area inferior to pelvic floor and between upper regions of thighs

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4
Q

what does the male perineum include

A

external genitalia and anus

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5
Q

urogenital triangle

A

anterior half of the perineum, urethral opening and external genitalia

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6
Q

anal triangle

A

posterior half of the perineum, anal canal and fat

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7
Q

Internal reproductive organs are found in cavity enclosed by the ??pelvis

A

true/lesser

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8
Q

The external genitalia is found in the ?? triangle of the perineal region

A

urogenital

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9
Q

Openings in the male pelvis floor include the ? and ??

A

urethra, anus

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10
Q

Openings in the female pelvic floor include the ?, ?, ?

A

urethra, anus, vagina

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11
Q

what is the male reproductive system made of

A

testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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12
Q

what does the scrotum contain?

A

testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord

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13
Q

Why does the scrotum hold the testes outside the core of the body?

A

sperm prefer lower temperature than body temp (34 vs 37)

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14
Q

what feature allows for heat conservation in the scrotum?

A

superficial fascia of scrotum contains dartos muscle which wrinkles skin of scrotum when it contracts

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15
Q

what do the testes produce?

A

sperm, testosterone, inhibin

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16
Q

what are the major cells of the testes and what are their features?

A
  • leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) produce testosterone
  • sertoli cells produce inhibin
  • spermatogenic cells undergo meisosis to form spermatozoa
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17
Q

spermatic cord

A

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

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18
Q

what is the function of the cremaster muscle surrounding the spermatic cord?

A

when it contracts it draws the testes closer to the body for protection or warmth

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19
Q

where do sperm form?

A

seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

ductus deferens

A

carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

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21
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla, Opens in the prostatic urethra

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22
Q

what are the 3 sections of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile/spongy urethra

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23
Q

what is the epithelium change in the urethra (male)

A

transitional, columnar, stratified squamous

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24
Q

what prevents sperm from ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

A

internal urethral sphincter closes during ejaculation

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25
Q

what are the 3 regions of the epididymis?

A

head, body, tail

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26
Q

what hormone do interstitial endocrine Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

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27
Q

what are the three erectile tissues of the penis

A

2 corpora caveronsa, 1 corpus songiosum

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28
Q

which is the main erectile tissue of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosa

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29
Q

which erectile tissue forms the bulb and glans of the penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

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30
Q

where are the 2 seminal vesicles located?

A

posterior to bladder, lateral to ampulla

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31
Q

which accessory gland produces 60% of the viscous secretion of ejaculate

A

seminal vesicles

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32
Q

the duct of each seminal vesicle merges with the ?? on that side to form an ejaculatory duct

A

ampulla

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33
Q

the seminal vesicle secretion contains?

A

fructose to nourish sperm, alkaline pH to neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina

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34
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete

A

slightly acidic milky fluid, comprising 30% of ejaculate

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35
Q

what enzyme does prostate gland secrete and what does it contribute to?

A

prostate specific antigen, contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

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36
Q

the bulbourethral glands are located in the ??? diaphram and open into the ??

A

urogenital, spongy

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37
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of male halploid sex cells, spermatozoa from spermatogonia

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38
Q

spermiogenesis

A

the process of maturation from immature spermatids to mature spermatozoa

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39
Q

which glands contributes 5% of volume of ejaculate?

A

bulbourethral glands

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40
Q

gonadotropin

A

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

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41
Q

which cell secretes inhibin?

A

nurse/sertoli cells

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42
Q

which two hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary

A

LH, FSH

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43
Q

What does FSH stimulate in males?

A

spermatogenesis

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44
Q

what does LH stimulate in males and in which cells?

A

production of testosterone in leydig cells

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45
Q

which two hormones control spermatogenesis?

A

FSH, testosterone

46
Q

which hormone from sertoli cells inhibits FSH?

A

inhibin

47
Q

which hormone supresses LH and GnRH

A

testosterone

48
Q

clit

A

complex erectile organ, sits anterior to urethra

49
Q

what does the female urogenital triangle contain?

A

external genitalia, vulva, urethral and vagina openings

50
Q

what is the function of the vestibular glands?

A

Produce mucous like fluid for lubrication

51
Q

what are the 3 parts of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

52
Q

which part of the uterine tube is most lateral?

A

infundibulum

53
Q

which part of uterine tube is the longest region and most dilated?

A

ampulla

54
Q

what are the 3 parts of cervix

A

external os, cervical canal, internal os

55
Q

the cervical canal provide a passage between the ?? and??

A

uterine cavity and vagina

56
Q

3 layers of uterus/womb

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

57
Q

which layer is the middle layer and describe it

A

myometrium, smooth muscle, thickest

58
Q

endometrium of uterus?

A

site of implantation in female,

inner layer, columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries

59
Q

female gonad is the?

A

ovary

60
Q

location of ovary?

A

both sides in pelvic cavity

61
Q

the ovary is the site of?

A

oogenesis

62
Q

where do ovaries get their blood supply from?

A

abdominal aorta via ovarian arteries

63
Q

what does the outer cortex of the ovary contain

A

follicles

64
Q

what does the inner medulla of ovary contain?

A

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, connective tissue

65
Q

what are the 3 female reproductive ligaments

A

broad, ovarian, suspensory

66
Q

suspensory ligament

A

ovary attached to lateral wall of pelvis

67
Q

What does the broad ligament contain?

A

uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries

68
Q

the broad ligament forms…

A

mesovarium, masosalpinx, mesometrium

69
Q

over ovarian = which broad ligament form?

A

mesovarium

70
Q

over uterine tube = which broad ligament form?

A

mesosalpinx

71
Q

over the uterus = which broad ligament form?

A

mesometrium

72
Q

Ovarian ligament connects?

A

ovary to uterus

73
Q

structure of the breasts

A
  • lie on pectoralis major muscle

- suspensory ligaments support the glands

74
Q

what is the pathway through the mammary gland?

A

lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses that open at nipple pores

75
Q

whcih two hormones stimulate development of breast tissue?

A

estradiol, progesterone

76
Q

oogenesis?

A

formation and development of oocyte from oogonia

77
Q

menarche

A

onset of menstrual cycle

78
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstruation, levels of estradiol and progesterone decrease

79
Q

2 phases of ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

80
Q

follicular phase

A
  • increase in FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth
  • these follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin and negative FB leads to decrease in FSH
  • growing follicles undergo atresia except dominant follicle
  • follicle matures and begins to protude on surface of ovary
  • high estradiol stimulates LH surge so follicle ruptures
  • day 14 oocyte released into petioneal space and fimbriae guide to uterine tube
81
Q

luteal phase

A
  • ovulated follicle collapses to form corpus luteum
  • secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin, therefore, decreasing FSH and LH
  • increase in progesterone stimulates development of the endometrium
  • if fertilisation doesn’t occur, corpus luteum involutes, LH, progesterone, estradiol decrease
82
Q

what are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle - lining of uterus

A

proliferative, secretory

83
Q

which hormone causes proliferation of endometrium

A

estradiol

84
Q

the ?? breaks down and bleeds during menstruation- menstrual cycle

A

endometrium

85
Q

after ovulation corpus luteum secretes

A

progesterone

86
Q

GnRH controls release of which two hormones

A

FSH, LH

87
Q

what does FSH stimulate?

A

growth of ovarian follicles

88
Q

estradiol assists what growth -

A

follicle growth (with FSH), bone and muscle, endometrial growth

89
Q

granulosa cells secrete?

A

inhibin

90
Q

what is the function of hormone inhibin?

A

negative feedback to suppress FSH

91
Q

corpus luteum secretes -

A

progesterone

92
Q

progesterone provides negative feedback to suppress?

A

GnRH, therefore LH and FSH

93
Q

describe nerve supply of penis

A

innervated by sensory nerve fibres and motor nerves, sensitive to touch, pressure, temp

94
Q

autonomic innervation to penis is derrived from?

A

pelvic plexus

95
Q

the pudenal nerve supplies?

A

sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia

96
Q

Is an erection sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

97
Q

Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic

98
Q

erection nerve supply

A

stimulates production of nitric oxide by deep arteries, they dilate and fill corpora cavernosum tissues

99
Q

sympathetic reaction of ejaculation stimulates contraction of?? in ?? and around ??

A

smooth muscle, ductus deferens, accessory glands

100
Q

what stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle around bulb of penis

A

somatic motor ejaculation

101
Q

two phases of ejaculation

A

emission and expulsion

102
Q

emission - sympathetic or para?

A

symp

103
Q

how does emission occur - ejaculation

A

smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla, smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid to urethra

104
Q

how does expulsion occur?

A

semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic responses, contractions of urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract in response to pudenal nerve stimulation

105
Q

engorgement of clit with blood as well as labia and vagina is a ?? response and stimulation

A

autonomic parasympathetic stimulation

106
Q

insemination

A

semen released into upper part of vagina

107
Q

why are the testicular arteries long

A

testes originally develop up and migrate down

108
Q

vascular supply of penis

A

abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, internal pudenal artery

109
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

caps, diaphragms

110
Q

condom benefits

A

cheap, easy, std

111
Q

combined oral contraceptives

A

estrogen and progestin, suppress ovulation, affects mucus

112
Q

progestin-only pills

A

only progestin, affect cervical mucus, inplant/injection, disrupt follicular growth

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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