Reproduction Flashcards
what are the regions of the pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
what is the difference between the female and male pelvis?
female pelvic inlet is oval shaped, male pelvic inlet is heart
perineum
area inferior to pelvic floor and between upper regions of thighs
what does the male perineum include
external genitalia and anus
urogenital triangle
anterior half of the perineum, urethral opening and external genitalia
anal triangle
posterior half of the perineum, anal canal and fat
Internal reproductive organs are found in cavity enclosed by the ??pelvis
true/lesser
The external genitalia is found in the ?? triangle of the perineal region
urogenital
Openings in the male pelvis floor include the ? and ??
urethra, anus
Openings in the female pelvic floor include the ?, ?, ?
urethra, anus, vagina
what is the male reproductive system made of
testes, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
what does the scrotum contain?
testes, epididymis, and spermatic cord
Why does the scrotum hold the testes outside the core of the body?
sperm prefer lower temperature than body temp (34 vs 37)
what feature allows for heat conservation in the scrotum?
superficial fascia of scrotum contains dartos muscle which wrinkles skin of scrotum when it contracts
what do the testes produce?
sperm, testosterone, inhibin
what are the major cells of the testes and what are their features?
- leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) produce testosterone
- sertoli cells produce inhibin
- spermatogenic cells undergo meisosis to form spermatozoa
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
what is the function of the cremaster muscle surrounding the spermatic cord?
when it contracts it draws the testes closer to the body for protection or warmth
where do sperm form?
seminiferous tubules
ductus deferens
carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
ejaculatory ducts
Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla, Opens in the prostatic urethra
what are the 3 sections of male urethra
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile/spongy urethra
what is the epithelium change in the urethra (male)
transitional, columnar, stratified squamous
what prevents sperm from ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?
internal urethral sphincter closes during ejaculation
what are the 3 regions of the epididymis?
head, body, tail
what hormone do interstitial endocrine Leydig cells produce?
testosterone
what are the three erectile tissues of the penis
2 corpora caveronsa, 1 corpus songiosum
which is the main erectile tissue of the penis?
corpora cavernosa
which erectile tissue forms the bulb and glans of the penis?
corpus spongiosum
where are the 2 seminal vesicles located?
posterior to bladder, lateral to ampulla
which accessory gland produces 60% of the viscous secretion of ejaculate
seminal vesicles
the duct of each seminal vesicle merges with the ?? on that side to form an ejaculatory duct
ampulla
the seminal vesicle secretion contains?
fructose to nourish sperm, alkaline pH to neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina
what does the prostate gland secrete
slightly acidic milky fluid, comprising 30% of ejaculate
what enzyme does prostate gland secrete and what does it contribute to?
prostate specific antigen, contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility
the bulbourethral glands are located in the ??? diaphram and open into the ??
urogenital, spongy
spermatogenesis
formation of male halploid sex cells, spermatozoa from spermatogonia
spermiogenesis
the process of maturation from immature spermatids to mature spermatozoa
which glands contributes 5% of volume of ejaculate?
bulbourethral glands
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
which cell secretes inhibin?
nurse/sertoli cells
which two hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary
LH, FSH
What does FSH stimulate in males?
spermatogenesis
what does LH stimulate in males and in which cells?
production of testosterone in leydig cells
which two hormones control spermatogenesis?
FSH, testosterone
which hormone from sertoli cells inhibits FSH?
inhibin
which hormone supresses LH and GnRH
testosterone
clit
complex erectile organ, sits anterior to urethra
what does the female urogenital triangle contain?
external genitalia, vulva, urethral and vagina openings
what is the function of the vestibular glands?
Produce mucous like fluid for lubrication
what are the 3 parts of the uterine tube
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
which part of the uterine tube is most lateral?
infundibulum
which part of uterine tube is the longest region and most dilated?
ampulla
what are the 3 parts of cervix
external os, cervical canal, internal os
the cervical canal provide a passage between the ?? and??
uterine cavity and vagina
3 layers of uterus/womb
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
which layer is the middle layer and describe it
myometrium, smooth muscle, thickest
endometrium of uterus?
site of implantation in female,
inner layer, columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries
female gonad is the?
ovary
location of ovary?
both sides in pelvic cavity
the ovary is the site of?
oogenesis
where do ovaries get their blood supply from?
abdominal aorta via ovarian arteries
what does the outer cortex of the ovary contain
follicles
what does the inner medulla of ovary contain?
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, connective tissue
what are the 3 female reproductive ligaments
broad, ovarian, suspensory
suspensory ligament
ovary attached to lateral wall of pelvis
What does the broad ligament contain?
uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries
the broad ligament forms…
mesovarium, masosalpinx, mesometrium
over ovarian = which broad ligament form?
mesovarium
over uterine tube = which broad ligament form?
mesosalpinx
over the uterus = which broad ligament form?
mesometrium
Ovarian ligament connects?
ovary to uterus
structure of the breasts
- lie on pectoralis major muscle
- suspensory ligaments support the glands
what is the pathway through the mammary gland?
lobes, lobules, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses that open at nipple pores
whcih two hormones stimulate development of breast tissue?
estradiol, progesterone
oogenesis?
formation and development of oocyte from oogonia
menarche
onset of menstrual cycle
menopause
cessation of menstruation, levels of estradiol and progesterone decrease
2 phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase and luteal phase
follicular phase
- increase in FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth
- these follicles secrete estradiol and inhibin and negative FB leads to decrease in FSH
- growing follicles undergo atresia except dominant follicle
- follicle matures and begins to protude on surface of ovary
- high estradiol stimulates LH surge so follicle ruptures
- day 14 oocyte released into petioneal space and fimbriae guide to uterine tube
luteal phase
- ovulated follicle collapses to form corpus luteum
- secretes progesterone, estradiol and inhibin, therefore, decreasing FSH and LH
- increase in progesterone stimulates development of the endometrium
- if fertilisation doesn’t occur, corpus luteum involutes, LH, progesterone, estradiol decrease
what are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle - lining of uterus
proliferative, secretory
which hormone causes proliferation of endometrium
estradiol
the ?? breaks down and bleeds during menstruation- menstrual cycle
endometrium
after ovulation corpus luteum secretes
progesterone
GnRH controls release of which two hormones
FSH, LH
what does FSH stimulate?
growth of ovarian follicles
estradiol assists what growth -
follicle growth (with FSH), bone and muscle, endometrial growth
granulosa cells secrete?
inhibin
what is the function of hormone inhibin?
negative feedback to suppress FSH
corpus luteum secretes -
progesterone
progesterone provides negative feedback to suppress?
GnRH, therefore LH and FSH
describe nerve supply of penis
innervated by sensory nerve fibres and motor nerves, sensitive to touch, pressure, temp
autonomic innervation to penis is derrived from?
pelvic plexus
the pudenal nerve supplies?
sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia
Is an erection sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
erection nerve supply
stimulates production of nitric oxide by deep arteries, they dilate and fill corpora cavernosum tissues
sympathetic reaction of ejaculation stimulates contraction of?? in ?? and around ??
smooth muscle, ductus deferens, accessory glands
what stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle around bulb of penis
somatic motor ejaculation
two phases of ejaculation
emission and expulsion
emission - sympathetic or para?
symp
how does emission occur - ejaculation
smooth muscle of ductus deferens contracts to move sperm into ampulla, smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid to urethra
how does expulsion occur?
semen in urethra activates somatic and sympathetic responses, contractions of urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract in response to pudenal nerve stimulation
engorgement of clit with blood as well as labia and vagina is a ?? response and stimulation
autonomic parasympathetic stimulation
insemination
semen released into upper part of vagina
why are the testicular arteries long
testes originally develop up and migrate down
vascular supply of penis
abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, internal pudenal artery
examples of barrier methods
caps, diaphragms
condom benefits
cheap, easy, std
combined oral contraceptives
estrogen and progestin, suppress ovulation, affects mucus
progestin-only pills
only progestin, affect cervical mucus, inplant/injection, disrupt follicular growth
