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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis layer

A
  • top skin layer
  • dead skin cells
  • no blood vessels
  • keratinocytes
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2
Q

dermis layer

A
  • vascular

- protein fibres for strength

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3
Q

hypodermis

A
  • adipose tissue
  • subcutaneous
  • insulation
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4
Q

layers of epidermis

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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5
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • loosely packed
  • horny cells
  • strip taking procedure
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6
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin, adds extra rigidity to the epidermis

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7
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • contains granules that encourage dehydration of the cell

- forms the first barrier of the skin

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8
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • contains desmosomes which make it spiny shaped when they dry out
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9
Q

stratum Basale

A
  • columnar cells that differentiate to push up the epidermis cells above to create the keratinocyte conveyor
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10
Q

epidermal ridge

A

the invaginations that the columnar and spinosum cells form in the epidermis to meet with the dermal papilla of the papillary layer

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11
Q

different epithelial cell types

A
  • can be simple or stratified
  • squamous
  • columnar
  • cuboidal
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12
Q

layers of dermis

A
  • papillary and reticular layers
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13
Q

functions of skin

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • produces melanin
  • produces keratin
  • stores lipids
  • produces vitamin D
  • detects touch and other stimuli
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14
Q

what are the 6 things that happen to our skin when we age?

A
  • skin thinning
  • slow repair
  • dry skin
  • impaired cooling
  • lost pigmentation
  • lost hair
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15
Q

how does smoking make you look older?

A

damages elastin and collagen fibres in the dermis layer

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16
Q

what does melanin do?

A

is a pigment that absorbs UV light and protects cells from UV damage

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17
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin and sit in the stratum basale

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18
Q

melanosomes

A

vesicles that carry melanin to the epidermal cells from the melanocytes

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19
Q

rickets

A

a vitamin D deficiency caused by a lack of exposure to UV radiation that leads to depleted calcium production

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20
Q

moles

A

clusters of melanocytes that can over-proliferate if exposed to too much sun

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21
Q

freckles

A

melanocytes overproducing melanosomes, and overproduction can occur if a person is exposed to the sun a lot

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22
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

more common form of skin cancer that originates in the stratum Basale and doesn’t move around body too much

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23
Q

malignant melanoma

A

skin cancer caused by overproduction of melanocyte cells and is highly metastatic

24
Q

tattoo

A

the artificial pigmentation of the skin that penetrates the dermis layer

25
Q

hair is made up of the

A

hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

26
Q

hair shaft

A

the actual hair part that comes out of the skin

27
Q

hair follicle

A

part of the hair in the dermis

28
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

connected to the sensory receptors to cause the hair to stand up when the body is cold or when activating the fight or flight response

29
Q

sebaceous gland

A

secretes sebum onto the hair shaft which acts as a natural water repellent and moisturiser

30
Q

where do we have more sebaceous glands

A

head and shoulders because these are the areas exposed to more water, so we need more protection

31
Q

acne

A

caused by blocked hair follicles - mostly on face and shoulders

32
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

33
Q

eccrine glands

A
  • all over the body
  • have a duct that empties out onto the skin
  • controlled by sympathetic cholinergic nerves which release Ach onto the mAChRs which cause sweating
  • have some beta-1 receptors too that are sensitive to NO and adrenaline that cause sweat release when our fight or flight response is activated
34
Q

apocrine glands

A

deeper in the skin and secretes more specialised liquids to the base of the hair follicles like pheromones

35
Q

nails functions

A
  • to protect the fingertips

- to enhance sensation and help detect finer vibrations

36
Q

free nerve endings receptors

A
  • most common receptor in the skin

- detects temperature, painful stimuli, some movement and pressure, itchiness, detecting the bending of hairs

37
Q

tactile (Merkel) discs

A
  • are free nerve endings found in the stratum basale
  • involves serotonin for communication
  • found in fingertips and small receptive fields
  • most sensitive to textures, fine touches and pressure
38
Q

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

A
  • found in the papillary layer of the dermis
  • found in hairless areas like lips, eyelids, nipples
  • detect fine touches, movement of objects over skin, light pressure and low frequency vibrations
39
Q

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A
  • in the dermis and hypodermis

- detect deep pressure and vibrations

40
Q

bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini’s endings)

A
  • dermis and hypodermis
  • deep pressure, heavy prolonged touch
  • found in joints to stop joint rotation (proprioception)
  • around fingertips, so may be involved with grip
41
Q

blood supply in the skin

A

arteries go up to the capillary loops in the dermis, which then drains down to venus plexus

42
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

bands of smooth muscle before the capillary beds that regulate blood flow to the skin

43
Q

alpha-1 receptors

A
  • part of the sympathetic system and receive NO
  • type of gene protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which then activates a 2nd messenger and increases calcium levels in muscle cells to allow for more cross-bridge formations and more contractions
44
Q

reducing the sympathetic system activity causes _______ of the blood vessels which _______ (incr/decr) blood flow

A

vasodilation; increases

45
Q

sympathetic cholinergic nerves

A

activated by the sympathetic system, so should involve NO but instead uses Ach hormone, and activate the eccrine sweat glands for thermoregulation

46
Q

radiation

A
  • highest heat loss

- emitting radiation

47
Q

evaporation

A
  • heat loss via liquids eg sweating and the fluid from breath
  • used in really hot climates because other heat loss methods wouldn’t work
48
Q

convection

A
  • heat loss by hot air replacing cold air through a conc gradient
  • affected by wind and water which take our warmth away quickly
49
Q

conduction

A
  • when a warm object is in contact with a cold object and transfers its heat
50
Q

core body temperature

A

37 degrees C

51
Q

what happens if the heat gain centre is activated?

A
  • decreases activation of a1 receptors to dilate blood vessels
  • sympathetic cholinergic activation of eccrine sweat glands to increase sweating
  • respiratory rate will increase
  • behavioural changes
52
Q

what happens if the heat gain centre is activated?

A
  • vasoconstriction of blood arteries in skin to prevent blood travelling to the superior areas of the body
  • shivering activated
  • adrenaline release in the SNS causing increase in cell metabolism for energy
  • brown fat in infants broken down for releasing heat
  • increase in BMR in sustained cold environments
  • hairs stand up to trap insulating air around body
53
Q

first degree burns

A
  • only affect the epidermis

- leaves no blisters and usually heals pretty quickly

54
Q

second degree burns

A
  • removes epidermis and some of the dermis

- might leave white, waxy areas and lose some tactile receptors

55
Q

third-degree burns

A
  • will go into the subcutaneous tissue or even bones
  • hard, dry, black, no pain because all pain receptors are lost
  • can lead to dehydration, infections and hypothermia
56
Q

rules of 9s

A

splits the total body surface area into sections to work out how to help with the burns

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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