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HUBS192 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

function of respiratory system

A

to conduct warm, clean, moist air through the body for gas exchange

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2
Q

upper respiratory tract (URT)

A

structures from the neck upwards includes nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and the pharynx

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3
Q

lower respiratory tract (LRT)

A

structures below the neck ; includes the larynx, trachea, bronchus and bronchioles

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4
Q

conducting region

A

region of the oral cavity that aims to conduct warm, clean and moist air to the lungs, nose to bronchioles

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5
Q

respiratory region

A

sites of gas exchange, alveoli

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6
Q

respiratory epithelium

A
  • lines the mucosa of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • ciliated cells that lie on the same basement membrane
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7
Q

type of epithelial in places where food and air is

A

stratified squamous epithelium, because good at protecting from abrasion

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8
Q

type of epithelial in areas of gas exchange

A

simple squamous epithelium, because it needs to be thin for gas to pass through

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9
Q

function of mucus

A

traps debris to take down to the stomach to digest and to moisten air

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10
Q

function of cilia

A

to push the mucus towards the pharynx to go down to the stomach to digest

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11
Q

external nose structure

A

made up of cartilage to keep the airways patent and open

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12
Q

nose

A

primary passageway for air; contains nasal cavity

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13
Q

vibrissae

A

scientific name for nose hairs that filter inhaled air through the nose

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14
Q

vestibule

A

inside the front of the nose where we can stick a finger; covered with skin has sebaceous, sweat glands and vibrissae

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15
Q

ethmoid & sphenoid bones

A

make up the roof of the nasal cavity

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16
Q

hard and soft palates

A

make up the bottom of the nasal cavity

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17
Q

conchae

A
  • make the air warm and clean
  • consists of superior, middle and inferior
  • respiratory epithelium
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18
Q

location of olfactory receptors

A

roof of the nasal cavity, part of the nervous system, the dendrites detect what smells are in the air

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19
Q

nasal mucosa

A

lines the nasal cavity; part of the respiration, includes an arrangement of thin walled veins which dilate when temperature drops to lose heat; nose bleeds originate from damage here

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20
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

found within sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones; lined with respiratory mucosa, drains into pharynx

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21
Q

sinus

A

air-filled cavity within a bone

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22
Q

functions of paranasal sinuses

A

to lighten the skull, to increase the surface area, sound resonance; can get blocked

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23
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system; aka throat, made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx

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24
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • nares to soft palate
  • respiratory epithelium
  • only passageway for air
  • includes the auditory tube, pharyngeal tonsils, uvula and the soft palette (All penguins usually smoke)
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25
Q

soft palate function

A

blocks food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing with the uvula

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26
Q

uvula function

A

blocks food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing with the soft palate

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27
Q

oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium, posterior to oral cavity; soft palate to hyoid bone; includes the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils; air and food

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28
Q

laryngopharynx

A

from hyoid bone to opening of the larynx/beginning of esophagus; stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

during swallowing does air or food have right of way?

A

food

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30
Q

larynx

A
  • from hyoid bone to trachea,
  • made up of cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis
  • contains the vocal folds
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31
Q

epiglottis

A

closes over larynx when swallowing due to pressure from tongue

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32
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • bottom of the larynx

- holds tube open

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33
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • middle cartilage of the larynx

- contains the laryngeal prominence, glottis (voice box) and the vestibular folds

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34
Q

tracheal cartilage

A

c-shaped cartilage around the trachea

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35
Q

glottis

A

the voicebox; vocal folds opening and closing determine if it is open or closed

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36
Q

vocal folds

A

thin membranes that vibrate as air passes over them which is heard as sound; ‘true’ vocal chords; testosterone results in deeper folds, so a deeper voice

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37
Q

vestibular folds

A

prevents foreign object entry into the glottis; ‘false’ vocal chords, located superior to vocal folds, can produce very deep sounds

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38
Q

trachea

A

the open airway that descends down to the lungs, located anterior to the esophagus; includes many elastin fibres in lamina propria layer; contains respiratory epithelium & lots of mucus

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39
Q

cartilage in the trachea

A

c-shaped; not a full ring, bridged by thick smooth muscle called trachealis which contracts to cause coughing if food gets down trachea

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40
Q

mucocilary escalator

A

removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested

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41
Q

lobes of the lungs

A

3 lobes on the right lung, 2 lobes on the left lung

42
Q

hilum

A

place where bronchi and blood vessels enter

43
Q

costal surface

A

outer surface against ribs of the lungs

44
Q

branches of the bronchial tree

A

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, lobes, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli

45
Q

epithelium through the bronchial tree

A

respiratory epithelium in primary and secondary bronchi, cuboidal epithelium in bronchioles and in terminal bronchioles

46
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

constriction of the smooth muscle in bronchioles to push air through to the alveoli

47
Q

pulmonary lobules

A

at the ends of the terminal bronchi and made up of alveoli

48
Q

alveoli

A

arranged like grapes, sites of gas exchange

49
Q

epithelium of alveoli

A

simple squamous, with a thin basement membrane to allow for easy gas diffusion

50
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

on outside of alveoli that bring blood up from the pulmonary cycle of the cardiovascular system to oxygenate blood

51
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

cells in alveoli that do gas exchange and make up most of the alveoli wall

52
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

cells in alveoli that have cuboidal epithelia and secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid

53
Q

surfactant

A

secreted by type 2 pneumocytes in alveoli to reduce surface tension and make the alveoli easier to expand and increase compliance

54
Q

thoracic cavity includes

A

the pericardium that holds the heart and the pleura which holds the lungs

55
Q

pleura

A

cavities that hold the lungs, are not connected

56
Q

boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

sternum anteriorly, the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the ribs laterally, the base of the neck superiorly and diaphragm inferiorly

57
Q

sternocostal joints

A

connect the hyaline cartilage to the sternum

58
Q

costochondral joints

A

connect the hyaline cartilage to the ribs

59
Q

interchondral joints

A

synovial joints that connect the hyaline cartilage to hyaline cartilage in the ribs

60
Q

costrotransverse joints

A

connect the rib and the transverse process of the vertebrae

61
Q

costovertebral joints

A

connect the rib to the body of the vertebrae

62
Q

primary inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm, intercostals and accessory muscles

63
Q

diaphragm

A

made of skeletal muscle; flattens when it contracts (inhalation) and blows up when relaxed (exhalation)

64
Q

structures that pass through the diaphragm

A

sternum, inferior aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus

65
Q

internal intercostals

A

depress the ribcage during forced expiration, do nothing during quiet breathing and decrease size of cavity

66
Q

external intercostals

A

expand during inspiration to lift the ribcage and expand the cavity, do quiet breathing (when we are sitting and listening) and relax during quiet expiration.

67
Q

accessory respiratory muscles

A

attached to the thoracic cavity and assist with forced breathing

68
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P = 1/V

69
Q

how air gets into and out of our lungs

A

air travels where there is an increase of volume and decrease of pressure, so this is how it moves into our lungs, and out when we exhale and pressure increases again

70
Q

pleural fluid

A

is the fluid between the lung tissue and the pleura that allows the lung tissue to stick to the thoracic wall so that when the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs do too

71
Q

the two opposing forces we need to overcome to take a breath

A

the stiffness of the lungs and the resistance of the airways to the lungs

72
Q

compliance

A

is the magnitude of the change in the lung volume produced by the change in pressure; found by V / P

73
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

when the alveolar membranes thicken to not allow any air through

74
Q

why is there surface tension in alveoli

A

because alveoli are lined with fluid that exerts surface tension and because the walls are so thin, this is enhanced

75
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

when infants do not produce enough surfactant

76
Q

resistance from the respiratory tract usually happens in the ______

A

bronchioles; because they are so thin

77
Q

resistance

A

= 1/r^4

78
Q

spirometer

A

measures the volume of breath inspired or expired

79
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath, little breath on the trace

80
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

is the extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume

81
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

is the extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal, quiet respiratory cycle

82
Q

residual volume

A

volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

83
Q

minimal volume

A

volume remaining in lungs after they have collapsed

84
Q

forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

how much air we are able to push out

85
Q

vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs; the IRV + ERV + VT

86
Q

respiratory minute volume

A

a measure of the amount of air we are sending out in litres; found by tidal volume x breathing speed in minutes

87
Q

dead space

A

the air in our lungs that is not used in gas exchange, doesn’t even enter the alveoli; around 150mL of it

88
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume (breathing strength) - dead space) x respiratory rate

89
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure that each gas individually exerts

90
Q

Dalton’s law

A

says that the way that gas is diffused depends on its partial pressure

91
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

that what determines the rate of diffusion is the surface area of the membranes, the thickness of the membranes, and the pressure difference between the two sides; F = A/T D(P1-P2)

92
Q

emphysema

A

disease where the alvelar spaces dilate and the alveolar walls are destroyed

93
Q

what is the main thing that affects gas diffusion?

A

the pressure difference between the alveolar and blood arteries

94
Q

how is oxygen transported in the blood

A

either dissolved in the blood or bound to hemoglobin in RBC’s

95
Q

hemoglobin

A

is a protein containing four heme groups that can easily change into oxyhemoglobin to make it reversible

96
Q

as the amount of hemoglobin increases, the _____ ______ of oxygen also increases

A

partial pressure

97
Q

Bohr effect

A

that the rate of hemoglobin attaching to oxygen is linked to the blood pH and carbon dioxide

98
Q

how can Co2 be transported in the blood?

A

dissolved in the plasma, as bicarbonate (70%) or combined with proteins

99
Q

where does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) send signals?

A

to the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

100
Q

where does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) send signals?

A

to the inspiratory centers and the expiratory centers

101
Q

Pre-Botz complex

A

increases inhalation by activating the DRG and the pneumatic centres regulate the other parts of respiration

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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