Respiration Flashcards
function of respiratory system
to conduct warm, clean, moist air through the body for gas exchange
upper respiratory tract (URT)
structures from the neck upwards includes nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and the pharynx
lower respiratory tract (LRT)
structures below the neck ; includes the larynx, trachea, bronchus and bronchioles
conducting region
region of the oral cavity that aims to conduct warm, clean and moist air to the lungs, nose to bronchioles
respiratory region
sites of gas exchange, alveoli
respiratory epithelium
- lines the mucosa of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
- ciliated cells that lie on the same basement membrane
type of epithelial in places where food and air is
stratified squamous epithelium, because good at protecting from abrasion
type of epithelial in areas of gas exchange
simple squamous epithelium, because it needs to be thin for gas to pass through
function of mucus
traps debris to take down to the stomach to digest and to moisten air
function of cilia
to push the mucus towards the pharynx to go down to the stomach to digest
external nose structure
made up of cartilage to keep the airways patent and open
nose
primary passageway for air; contains nasal cavity
vibrissae
scientific name for nose hairs that filter inhaled air through the nose
vestibule
inside the front of the nose where we can stick a finger; covered with skin has sebaceous, sweat glands and vibrissae
ethmoid & sphenoid bones
make up the roof of the nasal cavity
hard and soft palates
make up the bottom of the nasal cavity
conchae
- make the air warm and clean
- consists of superior, middle and inferior
- respiratory epithelium
location of olfactory receptors
roof of the nasal cavity, part of the nervous system, the dendrites detect what smells are in the air
nasal mucosa
lines the nasal cavity; part of the respiration, includes an arrangement of thin walled veins which dilate when temperature drops to lose heat; nose bleeds originate from damage here
paranasal sinuses
found within sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones; lined with respiratory mucosa, drains into pharynx
sinus
air-filled cavity within a bone
functions of paranasal sinuses
to lighten the skull, to increase the surface area, sound resonance; can get blocked
pharynx
muscular funnel shaped tube shared by respiratory and digestive system; aka throat, made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx
nasopharynx
- nares to soft palate
- respiratory epithelium
- only passageway for air
- includes the auditory tube, pharyngeal tonsils, uvula and the soft palette (All penguins usually smoke)
soft palate function
blocks food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing with the uvula
uvula function
blocks food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing with the soft palate
oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium, posterior to oral cavity; soft palate to hyoid bone; includes the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils; air and food
laryngopharynx
from hyoid bone to opening of the larynx/beginning of esophagus; stratified squamous epithelium
during swallowing does air or food have right of way?
food
larynx
- from hyoid bone to trachea,
- made up of cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage and the epiglottis
- contains the vocal folds
epiglottis
closes over larynx when swallowing due to pressure from tongue
cricoid cartilage
- bottom of the larynx
- holds tube open
thyroid cartilage
- middle cartilage of the larynx
- contains the laryngeal prominence, glottis (voice box) and the vestibular folds
tracheal cartilage
c-shaped cartilage around the trachea
glottis
the voicebox; vocal folds opening and closing determine if it is open or closed
vocal folds
thin membranes that vibrate as air passes over them which is heard as sound; ‘true’ vocal chords; testosterone results in deeper folds, so a deeper voice
vestibular folds
prevents foreign object entry into the glottis; ‘false’ vocal chords, located superior to vocal folds, can produce very deep sounds
trachea
the open airway that descends down to the lungs, located anterior to the esophagus; includes many elastin fibres in lamina propria layer; contains respiratory epithelium & lots of mucus
cartilage in the trachea
c-shaped; not a full ring, bridged by thick smooth muscle called trachealis which contracts to cause coughing if food gets down trachea
mucocilary escalator
removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed and digested
lobes of the lungs
3 lobes on the right lung, 2 lobes on the left lung
hilum
place where bronchi and blood vessels enter
costal surface
outer surface against ribs of the lungs
branches of the bronchial tree
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, lobes, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli
epithelium through the bronchial tree
respiratory epithelium in primary and secondary bronchi, cuboidal epithelium in bronchioles and in terminal bronchioles
bronchoconstriction
constriction of the smooth muscle in bronchioles to push air through to the alveoli
pulmonary lobules
at the ends of the terminal bronchi and made up of alveoli
alveoli
arranged like grapes, sites of gas exchange
epithelium of alveoli
simple squamous, with a thin basement membrane to allow for easy gas diffusion
pulmonary capillaries
on outside of alveoli that bring blood up from the pulmonary cycle of the cardiovascular system to oxygenate blood
type 1 pneumocytes
cells in alveoli that do gas exchange and make up most of the alveoli wall
type 2 pneumocytes
cells in alveoli that have cuboidal epithelia and secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
surfactant
secreted by type 2 pneumocytes in alveoli to reduce surface tension and make the alveoli easier to expand and increase compliance
thoracic cavity includes
the pericardium that holds the heart and the pleura which holds the lungs
pleura
cavities that hold the lungs, are not connected
boundaries of the thoracic cavity
sternum anteriorly, the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the ribs laterally, the base of the neck superiorly and diaphragm inferiorly
sternocostal joints
connect the hyaline cartilage to the sternum
costochondral joints
connect the hyaline cartilage to the ribs
interchondral joints
synovial joints that connect the hyaline cartilage to hyaline cartilage in the ribs
costrotransverse joints
connect the rib and the transverse process of the vertebrae
costovertebral joints
connect the rib to the body of the vertebrae
primary inspiratory muscles
diaphragm, intercostals and accessory muscles
diaphragm
made of skeletal muscle; flattens when it contracts (inhalation) and blows up when relaxed (exhalation)
structures that pass through the diaphragm
sternum, inferior aorta, inferior vena cava, esophagus
internal intercostals
depress the ribcage during forced expiration, do nothing during quiet breathing and decrease size of cavity
external intercostals
expand during inspiration to lift the ribcage and expand the cavity, do quiet breathing (when we are sitting and listening) and relax during quiet expiration.
accessory respiratory muscles
attached to the thoracic cavity and assist with forced breathing
Boyle’s law
P = 1/V
how air gets into and out of our lungs
air travels where there is an increase of volume and decrease of pressure, so this is how it moves into our lungs, and out when we exhale and pressure increases again
pleural fluid
is the fluid between the lung tissue and the pleura that allows the lung tissue to stick to the thoracic wall so that when the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs do too
the two opposing forces we need to overcome to take a breath
the stiffness of the lungs and the resistance of the airways to the lungs
compliance
is the magnitude of the change in the lung volume produced by the change in pressure; found by V / P
pulmonary fibrosis
when the alveolar membranes thicken to not allow any air through
why is there surface tension in alveoli
because alveoli are lined with fluid that exerts surface tension and because the walls are so thin, this is enhanced
respiratory distress syndrome
when infants do not produce enough surfactant
resistance from the respiratory tract usually happens in the ______
bronchioles; because they are so thin
resistance
= 1/r^4
spirometer
measures the volume of breath inspired or expired
tidal volume
volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath, little breath on the trace
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
is the extra volume that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
is the extra volume that can be exhaled voluntarily after completion of a normal, quiet respiratory cycle
residual volume
volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation
minimal volume
volume remaining in lungs after they have collapsed
forced vital capacity (FVC)
how much air we are able to push out
vital capacity
the maximum volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs; the IRV + ERV + VT
respiratory minute volume
a measure of the amount of air we are sending out in litres; found by tidal volume x breathing speed in minutes
dead space
the air in our lungs that is not used in gas exchange, doesn’t even enter the alveoli; around 150mL of it
alveolar ventilation
(tidal volume (breathing strength) - dead space) x respiratory rate
partial pressure
the pressure that each gas individually exerts
Dalton’s law
says that the way that gas is diffused depends on its partial pressure
Fick’s law of diffusion
that what determines the rate of diffusion is the surface area of the membranes, the thickness of the membranes, and the pressure difference between the two sides; F = A/T D(P1-P2)
emphysema
disease where the alvelar spaces dilate and the alveolar walls are destroyed
what is the main thing that affects gas diffusion?
the pressure difference between the alveolar and blood arteries
how is oxygen transported in the blood
either dissolved in the blood or bound to hemoglobin in RBC’s
hemoglobin
is a protein containing four heme groups that can easily change into oxyhemoglobin to make it reversible
as the amount of hemoglobin increases, the _____ ______ of oxygen also increases
partial pressure
Bohr effect
that the rate of hemoglobin attaching to oxygen is linked to the blood pH and carbon dioxide
how can Co2 be transported in the blood?
dissolved in the plasma, as bicarbonate (70%) or combined with proteins
where does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) send signals?
to the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm
where does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) send signals?
to the inspiratory centers and the expiratory centers
Pre-Botz complex
increases inhalation by activating the DRG and the pneumatic centres regulate the other parts of respiration
