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HUBS192 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

heart location

A

located on left side of the thorax and apex is found at the point of maximal impulse (PMI) which is between the midclavicular line and between the 5th and 6th ribs

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2
Q

what side of the midline is the heart mostly found on?

A

the left side, because of its tilting action as it contracts

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3
Q

right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus and then sends that blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

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4
Q

right ventricle

A

receives blood from the right atrium, then sends blood out through pulmonary semilunar valves through to the pulmonary arteries towards the lungs to be oxygenated

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5
Q

left atrium

A

blood enters through the right and left pulmonary veins and into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve

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6
Q

left ventricle

A

blood enters through the bicupsid valve and exits out of the aortic semilunar valve and around the rest of the body.

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7
Q

layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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8
Q

what does the epicardium contain?

A

visceral pericardium (connects the epicardium to the pericardium), large blood vessels, FCT and adipose tissues

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9
Q

myocardium

A

makes up most of the thickness of the heart wall and is thicker on the left side because the left ventricle is responsible for pushing more blood around the body, so needs more space

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10
Q

what does the endocardium contain?

A

is squamous epithelium, FCT, small blood vessels and Purkinje fibres

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11
Q

pericardium

A

sack around the heart itself that provides protection and for the heart to move around when contracting

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12
Q

structure of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium and a parietal layer of the serous pericardium and then the pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the heart wall

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13
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

name of valves that bring blood from the aortas into the ventricles

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14
Q

diastole

A

when blood is moving INTO the heart and atrioventricular valves are open

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15
Q

systole

A

when blood is moving OUT of the heart; atrioventricular valves are closed but semilunar valves are open

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16
Q

chordae tendinae

A

attach to the papillary muscles to close the atrioventricular valves during systole; “heartstrings”

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17
Q

papillary muscles

A

around the atrioventricular valves that close them during systole and open them during diastole; stimulated by built up pressure

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18
Q

function of coronary arteries

A

pumps blood that is used for the hearts own needs

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19
Q

branches of left coronary artery

A

circumflex artery and anterior inter-ventricular artery

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20
Q

what layer of the heart wall do all the coronary blood vessels run through?

A

epicardium

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21
Q

how does blood drain back in the coronary system?

A
  • on the right side, blood drains into the small cardiac vein
  • on the left side it drains into the great cardiac vein
  • both then drain into the coronary sinus which enters the right ventricle before being reoxygenated.
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22
Q

features of cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle cells in the heart
  • centred nuclei
  • many mitochondria
  • connected with intercalated discs (ICDs) like adhesion belts, desmosomes, gap junctions
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23
Q

intercalated discs

A

connect cardiac muscle cells; adhesion belts, desmosomes and gap junctions

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24
Q

adhesion belts

A

link the actin to actin between cells so the cardiac cells contract simultaneously

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25
Q

desmosomes

A

link cytokeratin with cytokeratin to stabilise the cardiac cells when they contract

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26
Q

conduction pathway function

A

the pathway that the contraction runs through the heart

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27
Q

what is the conduction pathway?

A
  • starts at SA node in the right atrium which tells the heart when to contract
  • then leads down the, right atrium, the interatrial bundle and internodal pathways to the AV node and AV bundle which move the contraction across to the ventricles
  • ends with Purkinje fibres
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28
Q

Purkinje fibres

A
  • controls the contraction of the ventricles and used to carry electrical signals and carry a charge.
  • are specialised cardiac cells, with glycogen stores, mtiochondria and many gap junctions
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29
Q

major arteries from heart to foot

A
  • common iliac artery
  • external iliac artery
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal artery
  • posterior tibial artery
  • plantar arch
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30
Q

major veins from the foot to the heart

A
  • plantar venous arch
  • posterior tibial vein
  • popliteal vein
  • great saphenous vein
  • femoral vein
  • external iliac vein
  • common iliac vein
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31
Q

layers of blood vessel wall

A

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

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32
Q

tunica intima

A
  • closest layer of the blood vessel to the lumen

- contains endothelium, sub-endothelium (loose FCT) and internal elastic lamina (IEL) in arteries

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33
Q

internal elastic lamina (IEL)

A

a condensed sheet of elastic tissue that sits in the tunica intima of arteries NOT in veins; needed so the arteries can expand the most for contractions

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34
Q

tunica media

A
  • second layer of blood vessel
  • made of smooth muscle
  • thicker in arteries because of increased pressure
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35
Q

tunica adventitia

A
  • last layer of blood vessel
  • contains heaps of collagen to prevent the vessel from expanding too much
  • includes vaso vasorum in large blood vessels, lymphatics and autonomic nerves
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36
Q

vaso vasorum

A

the vessels inside of large blood vessels that supply blood to the vessel itself because of how large the vessel is; runs through tunica adventitia

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37
Q

order of classes of blood vessels

A

aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - venae cavae

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38
Q

do veins or arteries tend to contain more elastin? why’s that?

A

arteries; to make them more flexible for contractions and blood flow regulation

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39
Q

capacitance vessels

A

veins that hold extra blood in the body

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40
Q

what prevents the overextension of capacitance vessels?

A

the thicker tunica adventitia which holds many collagen fibres to stop the vessel growing too massive and

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41
Q

how does blood move in veins?

A
  • valves prevent backflow

- skeletal muscles around veins squeeze the veins to push the blood upwards

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42
Q

capillaries

A
  • the site of exchange between blood and tissues
  • spread out into bed to increase SA and have more blood flow through
  • thin vessel walls
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43
Q

why are capillaries tight?

A

to allow RBC’s carrying oxygen to efficiently transfer oxygen from the blood into the tissues

44
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

sphincters before the capillaries to regulate blood flow through the capillaries and pressure

45
Q

vascular shunt

A
  • made up of a metarteriole and thoroughfare channel
  • the main passage through a capillary where blood can be shunted if too much heat loss occurs in outer capillaries eg cold hands
46
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • not leaky
  • most common
  • contain basement membrane
47
Q

fenestrated capillaires

A
  • have same diameter as continuous but have little holes called fenestrations which make it more leaky eg in the kidneys
48
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • incomplete basement membrane

- super leaky

49
Q

vesicles/caveolae in capillaries

A

assists with the movement of large substances through capillaries

50
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • to drain fluid back into the blood and to filter out any foreign material
  • also is scanned for immune response
  • absorbs fat
51
Q

lacteal

A

fatty liquid that travels through lymphatics to reach the veins and be reabsorbed in the blood

52
Q

functions of cervical, axillary and inguinal nodes

A

to survey the lymph for any dodgy antigens in case the immune response needs to be activated

53
Q

lymph nodes

A

a mesh work of fibers with immune cells hanging off of them which have channels that bring lymph blood into them and out of them to check for antigens in the lymph blood

54
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

is the circuit of the CV system that runs through the right side of the heart to send blood to the lungs

55
Q

systemic circuit

A

is the circuit of the CV system that runs through the left side of the heart to send blood to the rest of the body

56
Q

how many times does the heart contract per circuit?

A

twice

57
Q

myocytes

A

muscular fibres in the heart

58
Q

does the heart activate all myocytes for every contraction?

A

yes; every myocyte is activated for each contraction but the force produced varies

59
Q

what makes a ‘strong’ heartbeat?

A

more actin-myosin cross bridge formations which only occurs when more calcium is released into the muscle cells eg during exercise

60
Q

what makes muscles go rigid?

A

lack of ATP; ATP is needed to prime the myosin to release from the actin during cross bridge formations which is why when people die, their bodies tense up because no more ATP is being produced

61
Q

4 main phases of the cardiac cycle

A

1) atrial systole
2) isovolumetric contraction
3) ventricular ejection
4) isometric relaxation

62
Q

atrial systole phase

A

the atriums contract after the heart has been relaxed for a while

63
Q

isovolumetric contraction phase

A

blood pours into the ventricles while the pressure builds up

64
Q

ventricular ejection phase

A

ventricles contract to push most of the blood from the ventricles out

65
Q

isovolumetric relaxation phase

A

semilunar valves shut, heart relaxes, AV valves open and heart starts filling again

66
Q

pulse pressure

A

the pressure you generate in a heartbeat, can be calculated by finding the difference between the highest and lowest point

67
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

the average pressure of the heart across a whole cardiac cycle; and is usually lower in systole than diastole because the heart spends more time in diastole

68
Q

hypertension

A

having really high blood pressure

69
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

70
Q

hemodynamics

A

the study of how blood flows in a single vessel

71
Q

calculating blood flow

A

pressure difference / resistance

72
Q

electrical cells in the heart

A
  • Purkinje and AV nodal cells, make up 1% of the cells in the heart
73
Q

contractile cells

A
  • 99% of cells in the heart
  • cause the heart contractions
  • contain myosin and actin bridge formations
74
Q

functional syncytium

A

how cells communicate and mean they all contract at once

75
Q

SA node

A

bundle of cells that tell the heart when to beat

76
Q

function of AV node

A

stops the contraction signal received from the SA node so the ventricles and atriums don’t contract at the same time

77
Q

ECG

A

is how we visulize and monitor changes in the electrical signaling of the heart, and tells us if something is depolarizing or repolarizing.

78
Q

P wave

A

shows the depolarization of the atriums

79
Q

QRS complex

A

associated with atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization

80
Q

T wave

A

associated with ventricular repolarization.

81
Q

heart sounds

A

first is “lubb” and next is “dubb”

82
Q

quiescence

A

when there is no electrical activity happening in the heart, but heart is still filling with blood

83
Q

electric cycle of heart

A
  • excitation and depolarization spreads from the SA node to the atriums which get fully depolarized and contract
  • the atria repolarize and relax, while the AV node sends depolarization signals to the ventricles, so these depolarize and contract
  • ventricles then repolarize and relax, and once these have relaxed the heart is back in quiescence.
84
Q

mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

85
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

86
Q

stroke volume

A

how much blood is pushed out of the ventricles per beat and the heart rate is how many times your heart beats per minute.

87
Q

ejection fraction

A

the amount of blood that leaves the heart compared to how much is left - so if someone has a failing heart, their stroke volume will decrease and ejection fraction decrease, as a result their heartbeat will increase.

88
Q

locations where baroreceptors are concentrated

A
  • aortic arch (blood pressure in the aorta after each heartbeat)
  • carotid sinus in the neck (how much blood is going to the brain at all times)
89
Q

when blood pressure is too high…

A
  • parasympathetic system activated to tell the SA node through the Vegas nerve to decrease heartbeat thus decrease cardiac output to decrease blood pressure
90
Q

when blood pressure is too high…

A
  • sympathetic system activated to tell the SA node to make heartbeat faster, and tell the walls of the ventricles to increase the pulling power of the myocytes to create a faster heartbeat
91
Q

calculation for resistance

A

= 1/r^4

92
Q

rule of 16

A

if we change the size of the lumen by 2, the resistance increases by 16

93
Q

vascular compliance

A

a vessel’s stretchiness; found by using the change of volume / change in pressure

94
Q

sterling’s law of the heart

A

that the more stretched the muscle fibers are before a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be, so more blood will come out of the heart, and a stronger heartbeat will occur

95
Q

functions of blood

A
  • transport
  • immune response
  • coagulation (blood clotting caused by platelets coming in and preventing pathogens from entering)
96
Q

two categories of blood

A

plasma and formed elements

97
Q

what does plasma consist of?

A

water, solutes and plasma proteins

98
Q

albumin

A

most common plasma protein that helps regulate osmotic pressure so the blood cells don’t burst

99
Q

fibrinogens

A

plasma proteins that locate where breakage is in the skin and that it needs to be fixed up

100
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

foundation for all formed elements in plasma (RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets)

101
Q

platelets

A

responsible for finding areas in the body that have some kind of wound and stop the bleeding

102
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process by which blood is made, which is done by activating the hemocytoblasts to multiply and produce more red blood cells in the red bone marrow to make more blood.

103
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

molecule that stimulates the hemocytoblasts to make more red blood cells.

104
Q

packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit

A

fraction of blood occupied by the RBC’s

105
Q

RBC’s have…

A
  • 4 heme groups that can carry four molecules of oxygen each
  • men have more RBC’s than women because they have more testosterone
106
Q

anemic

A

too few RBC’s

107
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBC’s = chunky blood

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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