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Hematology > urinalysis review > Flashcards

urinalysis review Flashcards

1
Q

kidney cells

A

renal tubular epithelial cells

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2
Q

ureter + bladder cells

A

transitional epithelial cell

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3
Q

urethra cells

A

squamous epithelial cell

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4
Q

order of the nephron

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal convulated tubule
descending loop of henle
ascending loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
collecting duct

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5
Q

neutrophils %

A

50-70%

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6
Q

lymphocyte %

A

20-44%

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7
Q

monocyte %

A

2-9%

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8
Q

band neutrophils

A

2-6%

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9
Q

eosinophil %

A

0-4%

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10
Q

basophil %

A

0-2%

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11
Q

leukocyte ->

A

inflammation of urinary track

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12
Q

nitrite ->

A

UTI - Bacteria that reduce nitrate

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13
Q

urobilinogen ->

A

prehepatic or hepatic conditions

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14
Q

protein ->

A

defective glomerular filtration barrier

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15
Q

pH ->

A

renal tubular absorption/secretion problem

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16
Q

blood ->

A

hematuria
hemoglobinuria
myeloglobinuria

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17
Q

specific gravity ->

A

low: diabetes insipidus

high: adrenal insufficiency, hepatic disease, congestive heart failure, dehydration

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18
Q

ketone ->

A

diabetes mellitus; inadequate intake/loss of carbohydrates

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

hepatic or post hepatic conditions

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20
Q

glucose

A

diabetes melltius, hormone disorders, end stage renal disease

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21
Q

hematuria

A

presence of intact RBC

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22
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

presence of free hemoglobin - indicates RBC lysis

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23
Q

myoglobinruia

A

presence of myeoglobin indicates muscle destruction

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24
Q

example of hematuria

A
  • renal calculi
  • glomerulonephritis
  • pyelonephritis
  • tumors
  • trauma
  • exposure to toxic chemicals
  • anticoagulants
  • strenous excercise
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25
Q

example of hemoglobinuria

A
  • transfusion reactions
  • hemolytic anemias
  • severe burns
  • infections/malaria
  • strenous excercise
  • brown spider bite
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26
Q

bilirubin

prehepatic
hepatic
posthepatic

A

normal
increased
increased

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27
Q

urobilinogen

pre hepatic
hepatic
post hepatic

A

increased
increased
normal/absent

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28
Q

prehapatic conditions

A
  • hemolysis
  • drugs and toxins
  • thalassemia
  • hemoglobinopathies
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29
Q

hepatic conditions

A

cirrhosis
viral hepatitis
toxic hepatitic
intrahepatic cholestasis

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30
Q

post hepatic conditions

A

biliary obstruction
gallstones
tumors of the bile duct
pancreatic carcinoma

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31
Q

protein confirmatory test

A

sulfosalicylic acid precipitation test

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32
Q

specific gravity confirmatory test

A

refractometer

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33
Q

ketone confirmatory test

A

acetest

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34
Q

bilirubin confirmatory test

A

icotest

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35
Q

glucose confirmatory test

A

copper reduction test (clinitest)

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36
Q

RBC
- hypertonic crenated
- isotinic normal biconcave
- hypotonic ghost

A

glomerulus damage, vascular injury, malignancy in urinary tract, kidney stones, menstrual contamination

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37
Q

WBC

A

bacterial infections (neutrophil); renal transplant rejections (eosinophil/mononuclear); drug induced interstitial nephritis (eosinophil)

38
Q

squamous epithelial cell

A

normal

39
Q

transitional epithelial cell

A

normal, catherization, malignancy, viral infection

40
Q

renal tubular epithelial cells

A

renal tubular injury, tubular necrosis

41
Q

oval fat bodies

A

nephrotic syndrome, tubular necoris s
diabetes mellitus, traume with BM release

42
Q

Cast formation

A
  • Uromodulin (tamm horsfall protein), is excreted by RTE cells of the distal convulated tubule and upper collecting duct
  • other proteins in the ultrafiltrate join the matrix
  • protein matrix “gels” more readily in cases of urine flow stasis, acidity, and the presence of sodium ad calcium
  • types are based on what the “gel” catches as it solidifies
43
Q

hyaline cast

A

glonerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, chronic renal disease, congestive heart failure, stress and excercise

44
Q

RBC cast

A

gomerulonephritis, strenous excercise

45
Q

WBC cast

A

pyelenopgritis, actute interstitial nephritis

46
Q

bacterial cast

A

pyelonephritis

47
Q

epithelial cell cast

A

renal tubular damage

48
Q

granular cast

A

glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, stress and excercise

49
Q

waxy cast

A

stasis of urine flow, chronic renal failure

50
Q

fatty cast

A

nephrotic syndrome, toxic tubular necrosis, diabetes mellitus, crush injury

51
Q

broad cast

A

extreme urinary stasis, renal failure

52
Q

normal crystals

A
  • uric acid
  • amorphous urates
  • calcium oxalate
  • amorphous phosphates
  • calcium phosphatee
  • triple phosphate
  • ammonium biruate
  • calcium carbonate
53
Q

uric acid

A

normal

chemotherapy, lesch-Nyhan, gout

54
Q

amorphous urates

A

normal

none, sample refrigeration

55
Q

calcium oxalate

A

normal

antifreezing poisoning, kidney stones, high oxalic acid diet

56
Q

amorphous phosphates

A

none, sample refrigeration

57
Q

calcium phosphate

A

normal

none

58
Q

triple phosphate

A

normal
none

59
Q

ammonium biurate

A

none

old sample

60
Q

calcium carbonate

A

normal

none

61
Q

abnormal crystals

A
  • cysteine
  • cholesterol
  • leucine
  • tyrosine
  • bilirybin
  • sulfonamides
  • radiographic dye
  • amphicillin
62
Q

cystine

A

abnormal

cystinuria

63
Q

cholesterol

A

abnormal

nephrotic syndrome

64
Q

leucine

A

abnormal

liver disorder

65
Q

tyrosine

A

abnormal

liver disorder, AA metabolism disorder

66
Q

bilirubin

A

abnormal
liver disorders

67
Q

sulfonamides

A

abnormal

medication and dehydration

68
Q

radiogrpahic dye

A

abnormal

recent procedure

69
Q

amphicillin

A

abnormal medication

70
Q

average daily filtered plasma

A

170,000 ml

71
Q

average daily urine output

A

1,200 ml

72
Q

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra

A

formation
transport
storage
excretion

73
Q

nephron function

A

renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

74
Q

Nephron: proximal convulated tubule

A

A: sodum, glucose, aa, salts

P: water, uread

75
Q

descending loop of henle

A

p: water

76
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

a: chloride
P: urear, sodium

77
Q

distal convulated tubule

A

a: sodium

78
Q

collecting duct

A

p: water

79
Q

normal urine outpur

A

600-200 ml/day

80
Q

dark yellow

A

first pee

81
Q

amber

A

dehydration

82
Q

orange

A

bilirubin

83
Q

yellow-green/yellow-blue

A

bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

84
Q

green

A

pseudomonas infection

85
Q

blue-green

A

medication

86
Q

pink/red

A

RBC, hemoglobin, mens

87
Q

brown/black

A

RBC oxidized

88
Q

normal pH of urine

A

4.5-8.0

89
Q

normal protein range

A

<10mg/dL

90
Q

proteninuria

A

more than or equal to 30mg/dL

91
Q

urine specifc gravity range

A

1.002-1.035

92
Q

pyuria

A

increase in urinary WBC

neutrophil is dominant - indicative of bacterial infection

Hematology (36 decks)

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